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Final Review Flashcards

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1
Q

Lipids are ______ compounds that are soluble in organic solvents

A

non-polar (hydrophobic)

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2
Q

most membrane lipids are _____, having non polar end and a polar end

A

amphipathic

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3
Q

_______ consist of a hydrocarbon chain w/ a carboxylic acid at one end

A

fatty acids

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4
Q

double bonds in fatty acids usually have a ____ configuration

A

cis

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5
Q

in the family of glycerol, we have fatty acids and triglycerides. which is the largest in the family?

A

glycerophospholipd

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6
Q

what is the glycerol specific for second messages

A

phosphatidyl inositol

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7
Q

phospholipids have 2 big players in the second messenger pathway, what are they

A

phosphatidyl inositol (PI) pathway and the fact that arachidonic is stored in phospholipids and can be cleaved off this to start the inflammatory processes.

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8
Q

what position is arachidonic acid found in

A

SN2 position

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9
Q

the ______ due to the double bond gives cis conformation its bend and changes the ____ of lipids

A

kink

fluidity

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10
Q

______ are important for neurons. they myelinate axons

A

sphingolipids

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11
Q

sphingomyelin is important for the _____

-it is not important for the retina bc there are no myelinated nerves there

A

lens

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12
Q

what is the fluidity of a phospholipid determined by?

A

the fatty acid composition as well as other molecules such as cholestoerl.

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13
Q

how can you increase the fluidity?

A
  1. increase areas of unsaturated fatty acids
    or
  2. increase cholesterol
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14
Q

what kind of ring does cholestoerol have? what kind of branched hydrocarbon tail does it have?

A

rigid ring

short branched hydrocarbon tail

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15
Q

cholesterol is hydrophobic or hydrophillic?

A

that bitch is largely hydrophobic

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16
Q

cholesterol has one polar group called _____. making it amphipathic

A

hydroxyl

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17
Q

how do we get cholesterol?

A

we can make it if we dont get it in our diet

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18
Q

cholesterol maintains the unique characteristics of ________ and also steroidal building block for the ______ family

A

plasma membrane

corticosteroid family

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19
Q

there is LDL and HDL. which is good and bad

A

LDL is bad

HDL is good

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20
Q

how do lipids end up getting to the cells w/in the eye, expecially the outer and inner segments?

A

they have to be transported through the RPE via a lipid carrier (HDL or LDL-like)

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21
Q

what is the first lipid layer in the eye

A

the tear film

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22
Q

which cholesterol gets the lipids into the eye?

A

LDL

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23
Q

we have a ____ like system that moves lipids through the eye

A

HDL

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24
Q

where does vitamin A in your diet come frmo?

A

veggies

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25
how do eskimos get their vitamin A from? lol wtf
liver
26
a person who consumes plant material gets their vitamin A through ....
beta carotene
27
how does cholesterol get into your eye
it gets metabolized in the intestine, attaches to the chylomicron pathway, go through the lympathic system, goes to the liver, packages it w/ serum retinol binding protein.
28
can lipids move through the cellular system w/o a carrier function?
uhh fk no
29
what is formed in Stargardt | where does it come from? what is defective?
A2E it comes from retinol (retinaldehyde). the flipase is defective
30
are flip-flop of lipids fast or slow?
slow
31
flippases catalyze flip-flop membranes where ________ has occurred
lipid synthesis
32
what would flip-flop require to traverse the hydrophobic core of the membrane?
the polar head-group of a lipid
33
the two leaflets of a bilayer membrane tend to ____ in their lipid composition
differ
34
some membranes contain enzymes that ________ transport particular lipids from one monolayer to the other
actively transport
35
hydroxyls at C1 and C2 are esterified to...
fatty acids
36
what forms when a hydroxyl reacts w/ a carboxylic acid w/ a loss of water
ester
37
phosphatidylinositol has what as its polar head group?
inositol
38
in addition to being a membrane lipid, phosphatidylinositol has roles in....
cell signaling
39
what are 2 possible molecular arrangments of amphipathic lipids?
michelle and bilayer
40
which is the most stable configuration for amphipathic lipids
bilayer | example are phospholipids
41
the interior of a lipid bilayer is normally highly...
fluid
42
how do kinks in the fatty acid chains affect the temperature
lower the phase transition temperature bc the cis double bonds interfere w/ packing in the crystalline state
43
in the liquid crystal state, hydrocarbon chains of phospholipds are ......
disordered and in constant motion
44
at a _____ temperature, a membrane containing a single phospholipid type undergoes transition to a ______ state
lower temperature crystalline state in which fatty acid tails are fully extended, packing is highly ordered, and van der waals interactions btwn adjacent chains are maximal
45
a membrane protein can be classified as....
peripheral integral having a lipid anchor
46
peripheral proteins are on the membrane _____
surface
47
peripheral proteins are _____ soluble, w/ mostly _________surfaces.
water | hydrophilic
48
often peripheral proteins can be dislodged by conditions that disrupt what? what are some examples of this bullshit
ionic and h-bond interactions ex. extraction w/ solutions containing high concentrations of salts, change of pH, and/or chelators that bind divalent cations
49
what position is arachadonic acid in a phospholipid?
a2 position of phospholiipd
50
what kind of fatty acid is in a1? what about a2?
saturated | unsaturated
51
what is the signal molecule that forms from inositol?
pip2
52
what is the tear film important in?
refraction
53
for retinol, there is a whole set of _______ molecules that move it from the liver to the peripheral tissue and then w/in the peripheral tissue
carrier molecules
54
what are the dark adaptations
the formation of 11-cis retinaldehyde to repopulate opsin to form rhodopsin
55
what protective lipid is found in the eye?
DHA -anti inflammatory property
56
which fatty acids is inflammatory
arachodonic acid
57
where is A2E formed? where does it end up going?
in the outer segments-the photoreceptors. | ends up in RPE
58
T or F: outer segments never renew themselves
False - they are constantly being renewed. however, the retina never grows.
59
where is the turnover in the eye through?
the RPE cells
60
Is a relationship between sphingomyelin and the lifespan of an animal?
YES - minimizes long term damage to the lens
61
the major components of macular pigments are:
lutein, zeaxanthin and mesozeaxanthin
62
which of the following carotenoids is not of major important in macular pigments? beta-carotin lutein zeoxanthin
beta-carotin
63
what do macular pigments do?
absorb light | and secondary action is being an anti-oxidant (same for all carotenoids)
64
what is the major lipid anti oxidant?
vitamin E
65
wht are the 5 major nucleotides?
adenine-thymine guanine-cytosine uracil
66
what are chromosomes made from?
DNA and histones
67
modifications of histones and DNA produce an _____ possible inheritance
epigenetic
68
how many DNA polymerases do we have?
3
69
why do we have okazaki fragments
replication of DNA is from 5' to 3' but we read 3' to 5'.......
70
what is the enzyme that is reponsible for DNA replication
DNA polymerase
71
does DNA have the ability to correct for minor mutations that occur?
ya
72
what are the main differences btwn RNA and DNA
RNA has uracil and the sugar ribose. can be single OR double stranded. DNA has thymine and deoxyribose and is only double stranded
73
what is gene control done by
some kind of switch mechanism- a promotor element
74
what is the first product of gene control
heavy nuclear RNA- a larger piece of RNA the enzyme that does this is RNA polymerase
75
what do transcription factors do?
facilitate or prevent RNA polymerases from binding
76
how many words in our alphabet are 10, 12, 16, 32, 64? the alphabet meaning DNA codons lol
64. we use EVERY ONE OF THEM. every word we can make from the codons we can use for amino acids
77
why do we have introns that we excise?
bc of the heavy nuclear RNA
78
mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA are involved in what
protein synthesis. | which is conversion of translation
79
what are the arts of protein synthesis.....
initiation, elongation, termination
80
what is p53 | what disease is from this?
tumor suppressor molecule | -retinoblastoma-not a protein cuasing cell growth, but a protein preventing cell growth
81
light adaptation is a _____ phenomenon | dark adapatation is a ____ phenomenon
cone/rod | rod bc can't bleach cones
82
what takes whatever signal we're generating modify the channel and dampen it so that it doesn't close under the same conditions
light adaptation
83
at what point do we differentiate between increaes and decreases in light
at the bipolar cells
84
what are the 3 pigments
rhodopsin, color opsins, melanopsin
85
what type of G protein is melanopsin?
NOT an inhibitory G protein, but a Gq protein (dunno what that means lol)
86
we respond to ______ in light
CHANGES. increase and decrease. not just simple on or off.
87
name 4 genetic diseases and the proteins associated with it
ABCR- Stargardt disease, Cone/rod dystrophy, RP, AMD
88
Carbohydrates are used in the body for _____
1. Short-term energy for cells / tissues 2. Intermediate-term energy storage 3. Preventing the use of proteins for energy 4. Preventing ketosis (breakdown of fatty acids)
89
What is the difference between genetic inheritance and epigenetic inheritance?
genetic inheritance - passing down traits from parent to offspring through DNA epigenetic inheritance - passing down traits from parents to offspring through mechanisms outside of DNA
90
What are epigenetic mechanisms?
1. Histone modifications 2. RNA interference 3. DNA methylation
91
What are the characteristics of phospholipids which make them an excellent molecule for biological membranes?
1. Amphipathic (has polar and non-polar region) 2. Creates semi-permeable membrane 3. Fluid membrane
92
Ocular epigenetic diseases
1. ARMD 2. Cataracts 3. Glaucoma 4. Myopia
93
What factors influence the 3 dimensional structure of a protein?
1. Amino Acid composition 2. Strong bonds 3. Weak bonds 4. Folding 5. Attachment to an enzyme

Biochemistry (3 decks)

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