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Biochemistry > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the main characteristics of Carbohydrates?

A
  1. Multiple Carbon structure (more than 3)
  2. All of the carbons are attached to oxygen
  3. All of the C - O single bonds are OH
  4. First and second C can have a double bond to O
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2
Q

What type of carbohydrate is table sugar?

A

Sucrose

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3
Q

When are the Glucose rings closed?

A

In water

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4
Q

What is a Schiff base?

A

Links all-trans-retinal and opsin. Keeps chromofer (?) in right position waiting for a single photo of light.

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5
Q

How is a Schiff base formed?

A

Aldehyde reacts with an amino group

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6
Q

Is cis or tran more stable conformation for carbohydrates?

A

Trans

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7
Q

Is cis or tran straighter conformation for carbohydrates?

A

Cis

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8
Q

What do you get when a glucose molecule binds to a fructose molecule?

A

Sucrose

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9
Q

What is The Pasteur Effect?

A

The conservation of glucose when oxygen is plentiful

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10
Q

Where does the Pasteur Effect not apply?

A

The brain (retina) and cancer cells

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11
Q

What is the mechanism for the Pasteur Effect?

A

Enzyme inhibition by phosphorylation of allosteric site

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12
Q

What process is the most common protein or enzyme modification?

A

Phosphorylation

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13
Q

What is Le Chatelier’s Principle

A

If a chemical system at equilibrium experiences a change in concentration, temperature, volume, or partial pressure, then the equilibrium shifts to counteract the imposed change and a new equilibrium is established

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14
Q

What are the three mechanisms for Cataract formation in Diabetic patients?

A
  1. Pump / Leak (sorbitol)
  2. Superoxide (NADPH and Antioxidants)
  3. AGE’s (Aspirin, Aminoguanidine)
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15
Q

What does AGE stand for?

A

Advanced Glycated End-products

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16
Q

Define Amphipathic

A

Having a non-polar end and a polar end

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of Lipids

A
  1. Non-polar
  2. Soluble in Organic solvents
  3. Most are amphipathic
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18
Q

Fatt Acids consist of a ________ with a ________ at one end

A

Hydrocarbon chain, carboxylic acid

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19
Q

What is significant about Arachidonic acid?

A

Associated with inflammation and headaches

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20
Q

Fatty acids are more stable in cis or trans formation?

A

cis

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21
Q

There is free rotation about C-C bonds in the fatty acid hydrocarbon, except where?

A

Where there is a double bond

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22
Q

Each cis double bond causes what in a fatty acid?

A

kink

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23
Q

How does an Ester form?

A

When a hydroxyl reacts with a carboxylic acid, with loss of water.

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24
Q

Glycerophospholipids

A

Are one of the most common constituents of cellular membranes

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25
What is special about the structure of phosphitidate?
fatty acids are esterified to hydroxyls on C1 and C2. THe C3 hydroxyl is esterified to Pi.
26
Inositol is what type of molecule?
Polar head group. Important information molecule
27
What are the four important polar head groups?
1. serine 2. choline 3. ethanolamine 4. inositol
28
Phosphatidylinositol has what polar head group?
inositol
29
Phosphatidylcholine has what polar head group?
choline
30
What is important about Phosphatidylcholine?
Most common membrane lipid
31
Sphingolipids are derivatives of what molecule?
sphingosine
32
How is a ceramide produced?
Sphingosine bound with a fatty acid carboxyl
33
Why is sphingomyelin important?
Common constituents of plasma membranes and myelin sheaths of axons
34
How is a cerebroside formed?
Sphingolipid bound with a monosaccharide
35
How is a ganglioside formed?
Ceramide with a polar head group that is a complex oligosaccharide
36
What is the difference between a micelle and bilayer amphipathic lipid arrangement?
Micelle - Stable configuration with a conical shape (fatty acids) Bilayer - Most stable configuration with a cylindrical shape (phospholipids)
37
Drug companies use what type of structure to deliver drugs into the body?
Amphipathic lipids in micelle arrangement
38
When does a lipid bilayer transition into a crystalline state?
Lower temperature
39
Do kinks raise or lower the phase transition temperature?
Lower
40
What are the characteristics of cholesterol?
1. Largely hydrophobic 2. One polar group (hydroxyl) 3. Rigid ring system 4. Short branched hydrocarbon
41
What part of cholesterol forms hydrogen bonds with polar phospholipid head groups?
OH group
42
What important chemicals are made from cholesterol?
Hormones
43
Cholesterol is important for what aspects of the cell?
1. Membrane fluidity 2. Functionality 3. Information
44
Does the presence of cholesterol in a phospholipid membrane inhibit or promote the transition to crystal state?
Inhibit (due to interference with close packing of fatty acid tails)
45
How does the cell membrane avoid changing into a crystalline state?
1. Increase presence of cholesterol in membrane | 2. Increase presence of fatty acids with one or more double bonds, lowering the melting point of the membrane
46
Do saturated fats have the most or least fluid membranes?
Least
47
Lateral movements are constrained within small _________
membrane domains
48
Why does hopping from one membrane to another occur less frequently than moving within that domain?
Integral proteins function as a picket fence, keeping molecules from passing them
49
Flip-flop of lipids is normally very fast or slow?
Slow
50
What catalyzes the flip-flop of lipids?
Flippases
51
What are the three classifications of membrane proteins?
1. Peripheral 2. Integral 3. Having a lipid anchor
52
Where are peripheral proteins located?
On the membrane surface
53
Many proteins have a _______ design
Modular. Different segments of the primary structure fold into domains with different functions
54
How would a protein link to the cytosolic surface of the plamsa membrange?
Fatty acid or isoprenoid group
55
How is Palmitate related to lipid anchors?
Attached via an ester linkage to the thiol of a cysteine reside
56
What is depalmitoylation?
Hydrolysis of the ester link, which releases the protein from the plasma membrane
57
Define Integral proteins
Have domains that extend into the hydrocarbon core of the membrane
58
What is required for solubilization of integral proteins from membranes?
Amphipathic detergents
59
In amphipathic detergents, the _______ domain substitutes the lipids while the ______ domain interact with water
Hydrophobic, Polar
60
Lipid rafts have been found to be _________
Resistant to detergent solubilization
61
What is a lipid raft?
Glycolipoprotein microdomains that compartmentalize cellular processes by serving as organizing centers for the assembly of signaling molecules, influencing membrane fluidity and membrane protein trafficking
62
What are Caveolae?
Invaginated lipid raft domains of the plasma membrane that have roles in cell signaling and membrane internalization
63
What is the most common structural shape found in integral proteins?
alpha helix
64
Where would you find aliphatic amino acids?
The middle of the bilayer
65
What are the four most common non-polar aliphatic amino acids?
1. Alanine 2. Isoleucine 3. Leucine 4. Valine
66
Integral proteins typically have a _________ structure while porins have ________ structures
Integral - alpha helices | Porins - beta barrel

Biochemistry (3 decks)

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