Flashcards in Midterm Deck (66)
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1
What are the main characteristics of Carbohydrates?
1. Multiple Carbon structure (more than 3)
2. All of the carbons are attached to oxygen
3. All of the C - O single bonds are OH
4. First and second C can have a double bond to O
2
What type of carbohydrate is table sugar?
Sucrose
3
When are the Glucose rings closed?
In water
4
What is a Schiff base?
Links all-trans-retinal and opsin. Keeps chromofer (?) in right position waiting for a single photo of light.
5
How is a Schiff base formed?
Aldehyde reacts with an amino group
6
Is cis or tran more stable conformation for carbohydrates?
Trans
7
Is cis or tran straighter conformation for carbohydrates?
Cis
8
What do you get when a glucose molecule binds to a fructose molecule?
Sucrose
9
What is The Pasteur Effect?
The conservation of glucose when oxygen is plentiful
10
Where does the Pasteur Effect not apply?
The brain (retina) and cancer cells
11
What is the mechanism for the Pasteur Effect?
Enzyme inhibition by phosphorylation of allosteric site
12
What process is the most common protein or enzyme modification?
Phosphorylation
13
What is Le Chatelier's Principle
If a chemical system at equilibrium experiences a change in concentration, temperature, volume, or partial pressure, then the equilibrium shifts to counteract the imposed change and a new equilibrium is established
14
What are the three mechanisms for Cataract formation in Diabetic patients?
1. Pump / Leak (sorbitol)
2. Superoxide (NADPH and Antioxidants)
3. AGE's (Aspirin, Aminoguanidine)
15
What does AGE stand for?
Advanced Glycated End-products
16
Define Amphipathic
Having a non-polar end and a polar end
17
What are the characteristics of Lipids
1. Non-polar
2. Soluble in Organic solvents
3. Most are amphipathic
18
Fatt Acids consist of a ________ with a ________ at one end
Hydrocarbon chain, carboxylic acid
19
What is significant about Arachidonic acid?
Associated with inflammation and headaches
20
Fatty acids are more stable in cis or trans formation?
cis
21
There is free rotation about C-C bonds in the fatty acid hydrocarbon, except where?
Where there is a double bond
22
Each cis double bond causes what in a fatty acid?
kink
23
How does an Ester form?
When a hydroxyl reacts with a carboxylic acid, with loss of water.
24
Glycerophospholipids
Are one of the most common constituents of cellular membranes
25
What is special about the structure of phosphitidate?
fatty acids are esterified to hydroxyls on C1 and C2. THe C3 hydroxyl is esterified to Pi.
26
Inositol is what type of molecule?
Polar head group. Important information molecule
27
What are the four important polar head groups?
1. serine
2. choline
3. ethanolamine
4. inositol
28
Phosphatidylinositol has what polar head group?
inositol
29
Phosphatidylcholine has what polar head group?
choline
30