Final Review Flashcards
(301 cards)
1
Q
Who developed the philosophy of empiricism?
A
John Locke
2
Q
The unconscious plays an important role in psychodynamic theories
A
True
3
Q
Literally the word psychology means the study of the
A
soul
4
Q
Attempted to understand why animals and humans have developed the particular psychological aspects that they currently possess
A
Functionalism
5
Q
Carl Jung coined the phrase “inferiority complex”
A
False
6
Q
The social cognitive theory is an outgrowth of
A
Behaviorism
7
Q
Cognitive theorists are interested in how genes and environment interact in determining behavior.
A
False
8
Q
Jermaine is interested in the effects of music on workers’ performances. Jermaine is most likely a
A
Industrial/organizational psychologist.
9
Q
The psychologist who named the study of the conscious mind and its structures structuralism was
A
Edward Titchener
10
Q
A psychologist using the evolutionary approach would be focused on the brain and nervous system
A
False
11
Q
A field of psychology that is linked with developing new methods for teaching is
A
Educational psychology
12
Q
Which of the following is a mental process?
A
Memorizing
13
Q
Joe has recently moved from the city, where things are fast paced, to a small town, where things progress at a slower rate. He is having difficulty adjusting because classmates find him too pushy and hurried. Which of the following perspectives would best explain these differences?
A
Sociocultural
14
Q
Who popularized Wundt’s ideas in the United States?
A
Titchener
15
Q
A patient has been diagnosed as suffering from a psychological disorder and her therapist prescribes a drug that will block reuptake of neurotransmitters. The therapist is most likely a
A
Psychiatrist
16
Q
The famous line “I think therefore I am” is credited to
A
Rene Descartes
17
Q
When we are observing others, we are paying attention to their
A
Behaviors
18
Q
Structuralism used the method of introspection to identify the basic elements of psychological experience.
A
True
19
Q
Who of Freud’s colleagues fought with him over “penis envy”?
A
Karen Horney
20
Q
Erik Erikson is connected to the psychocognitive stages of development
A
False
21
Q
Which of the following events had a direct influence on the development of the humanistic movement of psychology?
A
A need for a more positive perspective
22
Q
Which of the following fields of study would involve acquiring an MD?
A
Psychiatry
23
Q
Which of the following would not be emphasized in psychodynamic theory?
A
Reinforcement
24
Q
Some psychologists diagnose and treat people with psychological problems. Which of these would assist people with more serious problems?
A
Clinical psychologists
25
The expression "know thyself" is attributed to
Greek philosophers
26
The psychological approach that emphasizes the mental processes of the mind is the
Cognitive approach
27
Which of the following theorists is associated with the start of behaviorism?
John Watson
28
Which of the following is not an important component of the field of psychology?
Common sense
29
George says that the thought process is insignificant and our actions are dictated by our desire to obtain rewards and avoid punishment. If you were to name which psychological approach would best match George's perspective, it would be
Behavioral
30
Lindsey believes that her personality is influenced by hidden feelings deep inside her that she has no control over. She feels that her mother's early interactions with her have somehow made her the way she is. Which theorists would be most interested in meeting with Lindsey to discuss her problems?
Sigmund Freud
31
The official birth of psychology as a science is attributed to
Wilhelm Wundt's lab in Leipzig, Germany
32
What did Skinner say was most important in the study of human psychology?
What we do
33
William James' functionalism was most interested in which o the following?
The adaptation of the mind to the environment
34
Which follower of Freud argued with him over penis envy??
Horney
35
Maslow's term focusing on reaching one's full potential
Self actualization
36
Pavlov developed operant conditioning
False
37
Freud divided the unconscious into the id, ego and the orbitall
False
38
A psychological approach which examines how the behavior patterns, beliefs, and other products of particular group of people influence human thought an behavior is the
Sociocultural
39
Contemporary psychology is best defined as the science of
Behavior and mental processes
40
Which theorists see behavior as being controlled by external environmental forces?
Behavioral
41
Which therapists believe mental processes are in control of behavior?
Cognitive
42
Erik Erikson was a behaviorist
False
43
A key component of social cognitive theory is
Observational learning
44
Phillip takes a behavioral neuroscience approach to psychology. Which of the following would best describe his perspective?
Thoughts and emotions have a physical origin in the brain
45
Tom is getting help with his ability to deal with his anger. A psychologist is teaching him skills to utilize when he feels himself losing control. The type of psychologist that Tom is seeing is most likely a
Counseling psychologist
46
Rosemary has found that her son gets better grades when she promises him a reward for high test scores. Though Rosemary is not a psychologist, her approach is consistent with the
Behavioral approach
47
The humanistic movement
Stresses a person's capacity for personal growth
48
For professional baseball players, swinging at a pitched ball is reinforced with a home run on a
Variable-ratio schedule
49
Cognitive maps are associated with the work of
Tolman
50
Every Saturday morning, Arnold quickly washes the family's breakfast dishes so that his father will allow him to wash his car. In this instance, washing the car is a
Positive reinforcer
51
A child's learned fear at the sight of a hypodermic needle is a
Conditioned response
52
Receiving delicious food is to escaping electric shock as ________ is to _________.
Positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer
53
In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, the US was
The presentation of food in the dog's mouth
54
In a social dilemma, the goals of the individual compete with the goals of another individual
True
55
Children of abusive parents often learn to be aggressive by imitating their parents. This illustrates the importance of
Observational learning
56
A fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a
Specified number of responses have been made
57
Skinner is to shaping as Bandura is to
Modeling
58
CAI stands for Conditioned Automatic Indicator
False
59
Dan and Joel, both 4 year olds, have been watching reruns of "Superman" on television. Joel's mother recently found the boys standing on the garage rood, ready to try flying. What best accounts for the boys' behavior?
Observational learning
60
Most researchers who have examined the effects of viewing televised aggression conclude that
Viewing violence leads children and teens to behave aggressively
61
In Pavlov's experiments, the sound of the tone triggered the dog's salivation. Salivation to the sound of a tone was a(n)
Conditioned response
62
A real estate agent showed Gavin several pictures of lakeshore property while they were eating a delicious, mouth watering meal. Later, when Gavin was given a tour of the property, he drooled with delight. For Gavin, the lakeshore property was a
Conditioned Stimulus
63
After pigs learned to pick up and deposit wooden coins in a piggy bank, the pigs subsequently dropped the coins repeatedly and pushed them with their snouts. This best illustrates the importance of ________ in operant conditioning.
Biological predispositions
64
A severe anxiety disorder called PSSD can develop after experiencing a fearful event.
False
65
People are born with a set of cognitive maps that are ready to be used
False
66
Both aggression and altruism can be learned.
True
67
Which of the following best describes insight learning?
An aha moment
68
Animals tend to revert from newly learned habits to their biological predisposed behaviors. This is an example of
Instinctive drift
69
Blake is a carpet installer who wants to be paid for each square foot of carpet he lays rather than with an hourly wage. Blake prefers working on a ________ schedule of reinforcement
Fixed-ratio
70
A situation in which the behavior that creates the most positive outcomes for the individual may in the long term lead to negative consequences for the group as a whole
Social dilemma
71
Five-year-old Trevor is emotionally disturbed and refuses to communicate with anyone. To get him to speak, his teacher initially gives him candy for any utterance, then only for a clearly spoken word, and finally only fro a complete sentence. The teacher is using the method of
Shaping
72
The O in the SOR model stands for Operant
False
73
After learning to fear a white rat, Little Albert responded with fear to the sight of a rabbit. This best illustrates the process of
Generalization
74
Myron quit gambling after he lost over a thousand dollars betting on horse races. This best illustrates the effects of
Punishment
75
After a week at college, Su-Chuan has formed a mental representation of the layout of the campus and no longer gets lost. Su-Chuan has developed a
Cognitive map
76
After one chimpanzee sees a second chimp open a box that contains a food reward, the first animal opens a similar box with great speed. This best illustrates
Observational learning
77
Just after they taste a sweet liquid, mice are injected with a drug that produces an immune response. Later, the taste of the sweet liquid by itself triggers an immune response. This best illustrates
Classical conditioning
78
In Pavlov's experiments, the taste of food triggered the dog's salivation. Salivation to the taste of food was a(n)
Unconditioned response
79
To assess whether Mrs. Webster had suffered from a brain injury, researchers conditioned her to blink in response to a sound that signaled the delivery of a puff of air directed toward her face. In this application of classical conditioning, the sound was a
Conditioned stimulus
80
Socially responsive toddlers who readily imitate their parents tend to become preschoolers with a strong internalized conscience. This best illustrates the impact of
Observational learning
81
A conditioned response is an unlearned, automatic response to a specific stimulus
False
82
A pigeon receives food for pecking a key, but only rarely and on unpredictable occasions. This best illustrates
Partial reinforcement
83
After he was spanked on several occasions for spilling his milk at a restaurant, Colin became afraid to go to the restaurant. In this case, spanking was a(n) _________ for Colin's fear.
Unconditioned stimulus
84
Using rewards to bribe people to engage in an activity they already enjoy in most likely to inhibit
Intrinsic motivation
85
In transfer, learned responses follow one another in sequence.
False
86
Mental practice is not an effective way to prepare for a task
False
87
We are most likely to imitate the behavior of models if we observe that their actions are
Followed by reinforcement
88
Children often imitate behaviors seen on televisions. This best illustrates the impact of
Modeling
89
In classical conditioning, the NS becomes a _______ after it reliably signals the impending occurrence of the ________.
Conditioned Stimulus, Unconditioned Stimulus
90
You would be most likely to use operant conditioning to teach a dog to
Retrieve sticks and balls
91
In which form of learning is behavior influenced by its consequences?
Operant conditioning
92
Any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response is called a(n).
Negative reinforcer
93
Which of the following is an unconditioned response?
Sweating in hot weather
94
Pavlov's research on classical conditioning was important because
So many different species of animals, including humans, can be classically conditioned.
95
Primary reinforcers could best be described as
Innately satisfying stimuli
96
Mason, a stockbroker, runs two miles every day after work because it reduces his level of stress. Mason's running habit is maintained by a ______ reinforcer.
Negative
97
High self-esteem alone does improve academic performance.
False
98
The ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus is called.
Discrimination
99
Two years ago, the de Castellane Manufacturing Company included its employees in a profit-sharing plan in which workers receive semi-annual bonuses based on the company's profits. Since this plan was initiated, worker productivity at de Castellane has nearly doubled. This productivity increase is best explained in terms of
Operant conditioning
100
To quickly teach a dog to roll over on command, you would be best advised to use
Immediate reinforcers rather than delayed reinforcers
101
Nikki has learned to expect the sound of thunder whenever she sees a flash of lighting. This suggests that associative learning involves
Cognitive processes
102
In classical conditioning a stimulus is any event or situation that
Evokes a response
103
John B. Watson considered himself to be a(n)
Behaviorist
104
Your heart may race when you are confronted by a lion but not when you are approached by a kitten. This best illustrates the adaptive value of
Discrimination
105
Makayla developed an intense fear of flying five years ago when she was in a plane crash. The fact that today she can again fly without distress indicates that her fear has undergone
Extinction
106
Jordan is frightened by the sound of a train whistle. The sound is a(n)
Stimulus
107
Long after her conditioned fear of dogs had been extinguished, Marcy experienced an unexpected surge of nervousness when first shown her cousin's new cocker spaniel. Her unexpected nervousness best illustrates
Spontaneous recovery
108
To get you to increase the frequency of your daily exercise, operant behavior specialists are most likely to recommend that you
Specify your exercise goals and inform some close friends of your goals.
109
Extinction occurs when a ______ is no longer paired with a _____.
Conditioned stimulus, unconditioned stimulus
110
Instinctive drift could prevent an animal from learning a new behavior
True
111
In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning is called a(n)
Neutral stimulus
112
Matt regularly buckles his seat belt simply because it turns off the cars irritating warning buzzer. This best illustrates the value of
Negative reinforcement escape
113
Toddlers taught to fear speeding cars may also begin to fear speeding trucks and motorcycles. This best illustrates
Generalization
114
Pets who learn that the sound of an electric can opener signals the arrival of their food illustrate
Classical conditioning
115
Negative reinforcement decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur
False
116
An event that strengthens the behavior it follows is a(n)
Reinforcement
117
Acquiring new habits best illustrates the process of
Learning
118
Every time Joan cleans her room, Joan gets 30 minutes of computer time
Positive reinforcement
119
When Joan doesn't clean her room, her parents take away her palm pilot
Negative punishment
120
When Joan doesn't clean her room, she can't watch TV that night
Negative punishment
121
When Joan cleans her room, her parents don't require her to do the dinner dishes
Negative reinforcement
122
When Joan doesn't clean her room, her parents require her to take the garbage out
Positive punishment
123
Your hands are cold so you put your gloves on. In the future, you are more likely to put gloves on when it's cold
Negative reinforcement
124
You check the coin return on a vending machine and find a quarter. You find yourself checking other vending machines over the next few days.
Positive reinforcement
125
A professor has a policy of giving no credit to a student if she/he misses more than four classes a semester.
Negative punishment
126
Your car has a bright, red, flashing light that blinks annoyingly if you start the car without buckling the seat belt. You find yourself buckling the seat belt before you start the car.
Negative reinforcement
127
When Sara doesn't clean her bathroom by noon on Saturday, she must scrub the kitchen floor.
Positive punishment
128
Proactive interference refers to the
Disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information
129
Which part of the brain plays a key role in forming and storing the implicit memories created by classical conditioning?
Cerebellum
130
The forgetting curve is when information learned drops of rapidly with time
True
131
In order to remember her way from her new home to her school, Julie consciously formed a mental image of each street corner at which she needed to turn. This best illustrates
Effortful processing
132
Following brain injury from a brutal knife attack, Mike is unable to consciously recall or recognize what a knife is. But he still shows a conditioned fear response to the sight of a knife. His conditioned reaction best indicates that he retains a(n) ______ memory.
Implicit
133
Hearing the word "rabbit" may lead people to spell the spoken word "hair" as "h-a-r-e." This best illustrates the outcome of a process known as
Priming
134
The address for obtaining tickets to a popular quiz show flashes on the TV screen, but the image disappears before Sergei has had a chance to write down the complete address. To his surprise, however, he has retained a momentary mental image of the five-digit zip code. His experience best illustrates _______ memory.
Iconic
135
The occasional tip-of-the-tongue forgetting experienced by older adults can best be explained in terms of the greater difficult older people have with
Retrieval
136
We overlearn when we connect our explicit and implicit memories
False
137
Your activated but limited-capacity memory is called ______ memory.
Short term
138
Sherry easily remembers the telephone reservation number for Holiday Inn by using the mnemonic 1-800-HOLIDAY. She is using a memory aid known as
Chunking
139
Philippe has just completed medical school. In reflecting on his years of formal education, he is able to recall the names of all his instructors except the fifth-grade teacher who flunked him. According to Freud, his forgetting illustrates
Repression
140
On the phone, Dominic rattles off a list of 10 grocery items for Kyoto to bring home from the store. Immediately after hearing the list, Kyoto attempts to write down the items. She is most likely to forget the items
In the middle of the list
141
The serial position effect refers to the tendency to recall best the _________ items in a list.
First and last
142
After learning that kicking would move a crib mobile infants showed that they recalled this learning best if they were tested in the same crib. This best illustrates
Context-Dependent memory
143
A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli is called _______ memory
Iconic
144
An inability to retrieve information learned in the past is called
Retrograde amnesia
145
As compared with long-term memory, short term memory is _______ permanent and _______ limited in storage capacity.
Less; more
146
Some information in our fleeting ______ is encoded into short-term memory
Sensory memory
147
Conscious memories of facts and personal experiences are called _________ memories.
Explicit
148
We encode implicit memories by means of
Automatic processing
149
Iconic memory refers to
Photographic, or picture-image, memory that lasts for only a few tenths of a second
150
Eye witnesses to a crime often recall the details of the crime most accurately when they return to the scene of the crime. This best illustrates
Context-dependent memory
151
Our immediate short-term memory for new material is limited to roughly ______ bits of information
7
152
After his last drinking spree, Fakim hid a half-empty liquor bottle. He couldn't remember where he hid it until he started drinking again. Fakim's pattern of recall best illustrates
State-dependent memory
153
The finding that people who sleep after learning a list of nonsense syllables forget less than people who stay awake provides evidence that forgetting may involve
Interference
154
Four-year-old Aaron doesn't recall ever seeing a hypodermic needle, and he can't remember the series of painful injections he received when he was a 2-year-old. When shown a hypodermic needle, however, he reacted with a classically conditioned fear response. Aaron's fear reaction indicates that he retains a(n) ______ memory.
Implicit
155
For a moment after hearing his dog's high pitched bark, Mr. Silvers has a vivid auditory impression of the dog's yelp. His experience most clearly illustrates _______ memory.
Echoic
156
The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of previously learned information is called
Retroactive interference
157
The ability of some Alzheimer's patients to learn how to do something despite the fact that they have no conscious recall of learning their new skill best illustrates the need to distinguish between
Explicit memory and implicit memory
158
Which memory test would most effectively reveal Mr. Quintano, at age 55, still remembers many of his high school classmates?
Recognition
159
Some of the information in our ________ memory is encoded into _______ memory.
Iconic; short term
160
Damage to the hippocampus would most likely interfere with a person's ability to learn
The names of newly introduced people.
161
Procedural memories for well-learned skills such as how to ride a bicycle are typically ________ memories.
Implicit
162
Jamille is taking French in school. She gets her best grades on vocabulary tests if she studies for 15 minutes every day for 8 days than if she crams for 2 hours the night before the test. This illustrates what is known as
The spacing effect
163
Cerebellum is to _______ memory as hippocampus is to ______.
Implicit; explicit
164
The process of encoding refers to
Getting information into memory
165
Memories for well-learned automatic skills such as how to tie your shoes are called _______ memories.
Procedural
166
When an eyewitness to an auto accident is asked to describe what happened, which measure of memory is being used?
Recall
167
The persistence of learning over time most clearly depends on
Memory
168
Recall of what you have learned is often improved when your physical surroundings at the time of retrieval and encoding are the same. This best illustrates
Context-dependent memory
169
The title of a song is on the tip of Gerard's tongue, but he cannot recall it until someone mentions the songwriter's name. Gerard's initial inability to recall the title was most likely caused by
Retrieval failure
170
Arnold so easily remembers his old girlfriend's number that he finds it difficult to remember his new girlfriend's number. Arnold's difficult best illustrates
Proactive interference
171
The self-reference effect best illustrates the value of
Deep processing
172
After looking up his friend's phone number, Alex was able to remember it only long enough to dial it correctly. In this case, the phone number was clearly stored in his _______ memory.
Short-term
173
A loss of an encoded memory as a result of a gradual fading of the physical memory trace best illustrates
Storage decay
174
Professor Maslova has so many memories of former students that she has difficult remembering the names of new students. The professor's difficulty best illustrates
Proactive interference
175
After having brain surgery to stop severe seizures, Henry Mollison could recall events he experienced prior to the surgery but was unable to form new conscious memories. Mollison's memory difficulty most clearly illustrates
Anterograde amnesia
176
Retention of skills and classically conditioned associations without conscious recollection is known as ________ memory.
Implicit
177
After hearing the sound of an ambulance, you may be momentarily predisposed to interpret a friend's brief coughing spell as a symptom of serious illness. This best illustrates the impact of
Priming
178
The tendency to recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle items is known as the _____ effect.
Serial position
179
We are more likely to remember the words "typewriter, cigarette, and fire" than the words "void, process, and inherent" This best illustrates the value of
Imagery
180
Memory of your familiar old e-mail password may block the recall of your new password. This illustrates
Proactive interference
181
Explicit memory is also known as
Declarative memory
182
Chunking refers to
The organization of information into meaningful units
183
Cognition is the process of acquiring new information
True
184
Distributed practice is memorizing concentrated into on long setting
False
185
The process of getting information out of memory is called
Retrieval
186
After learning the combination for his new locker at school, Milton is unable to remember the combination for his year-old bicycle lock. Milton is experiencing
Retroactive interference
187
Chickadees and other birds who store food in hundreds of places cannot remember the food storage locations months later if their ________ has been removed
Hippocampus
188
A mnemonic is a
Memory aid
189
A conscious memory of the name of the first president of the US is a(n) _______ memory.
Explicit
190
Which measure of memory is used on a test that requires matching glossary terms with their correct definitions?
Recognition
191
After hearing a list of items, peoples' immediate recall of the items is more likely to show a ______ effect than is their later recall of the items.
Recency
192
Knowledge of facts and concepts about the world is called episodic memory
False
193
Students who study throughout the term and the restudy course material at the end of a semester to pass a comprehensive final are especially likely to demonstrate long-term retention of the course material. This best illustrates
The spacing effect
194
A type of motivated forgetting in which anxiety-arousing memories are blocked form conscious awareness is known as
Repression
195
People should avoid back-to-back study times fro learning Spanish and French vocabulary in order to minimize
Interference
196
Remembering how to solve a puzzle without any conscious recollection that you can do so best illustrates ______ memory.
Implicit
197
Which neural center in the limbs system helps process explicit memories for storage?
Hippocampus
198
A year and a half after directly experiencing a San Francisco earthquake, people had very accurate recall of where they had been and what they were doing at the time of the earthquake. Their recall best illustrates ______ memory.
Flashbulb
199
Shortly after hearing a list of items, people tend to recall the last items in the list especially quickly and accurately. This best illustrates
A recency effect
200
Repeating someone's name several times shortly after being introduced to that person is an effective strategy for
Rehearsal
201
Rabbits fail to learn a conditioned eye blink response when the function of different pathways in their ______ is surgically disrupted
Cerebellum
202
Pat is normally very restless and fidgety, whereas Shelley is usually quiet and easygoing. The two children most clearly differ in
Temperament
203
Dr. Birkin's major research interest is the development of motor skills in children. It is most likely that Dr. Birkin is a ______ psychologist
Developmental
204
Babies are born with several reflexes for getting food. One of these is to
Open the mouth in search of a nipple when touched on the cheek
205
Horace, the youngest child of a high school athletic director, was able to roll over at 3 months, crawl at 6 months, and walk at 12 months. This ordered sequence of motor development was largely due to
Maturation
206
Which psychologist was most influential in shaping our understanding of cognitive development?
Jean Piaget
207
According to Piaget, schemas are
People's conceptual frameworks for understanding their experiences
208
The first time that 4-year-old Sarah saw her older brother play the flute, she though it was simply a large whistle. Sarah's initial understanding of the flute best illustrates the process of
Assimilation
209
Incorporating new information into existing theories is to _____ as modifying existing theories in light of new information is to ______ .
Assimilation; accommodation
210
Nagged thought all nurses were young females until a middle-aged male nurse took care of him. Nagger's altered conception of a "nurse" illustrates the process of
Accommodation
211
Which of the following represents the correct order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?
Sensorimotor, pre operational, concrete operational, formal operational
212
When Tommy's mother hides his favorite toy under a blanket, he acts as though it no longer exists and makes no attempt to retrieve it. Tommy is clearly near the beginning of Piaget's ______ stage.
Sensorimotor
213
According to Piaget, egocentrism refers to
The difficulty perceiving things from another person's point of view.
214
If children cannot grasp the principle of conservation, they are unable to
Recognize that the quantity of a substance remains despite changes in its shape.
215
Mrs. Pearson cut Judy's got dog into eight pieces and Sylvia's into six pieces. Sylvia cried because she felt she wasn't getting as much hot dog as Judy. Piaget would say that Sylvia doesn't understand the principle of
Conservation
216
According to Piaget, egocentrism is to conservation as the _____ stage is to the ______ stage.
Pre operational; concrete operational
217
According to Piaget, during the formal operational stage people begin to
Reason abstractly
218
Little Karen will approach and play with unfamiliar animals only if her mother first reassures her that it is safe to do so. This best illustrates the adaptive value of
Attachment
219
The process of imprinting involves the formation of a(n)
Attachment
220
Which of the following is an example of imprinting?
A duckling demonstrates attachment to a bouncing ball
221
Two characteristics of authoritarian parents are that they
Impose rules and expect obedience
222
The McDougals use harsh discipline on their children and demand unquestioning obedience. Psychologists are likely to characterize the McDougals as ______ parents.
Authoritarian
223
Brad and Jane exercise very little control over their two young children, and they usually allow them to do whatever they want. Psychologists would characterize Brad and Jane as ______ parents.
Permissive
224
Parents who are demanding and yet sensitively responsive to their children are said to be
Authoritative
225
Authoritative parents are likely to have children who
Have high self-esteem and are self-reliant
226
The ability to think logically about hypothetical situations is indicative of the _____ stage of development.
Formal operational
227
Fourteen-year-old Lisa was asked, "What would happen if everyone in the world suddenly went blind?" She responded, "Those who had previously been blind would become leaders." Lisa's answer indicates she is in the _____ stage of development.
Formal operational
228
Lawrence Kohlberg focused on the development of
Moral reasoning
229
Kohlberg emphasized that human behavior becomes less selfish as we mature due to
Cognitive development.
230
Regis thinks it's wrong to drive over the speed limit simply because he might get punished for doing so. He is demonstrating Kohlberg's ________ stage of morality.
Preconventional
231
Juanita suffers from a painful back condition. Smoking marijuana would reduce her pain, but she thinks it would be wrong because it is prohibited by the laws of her state. Juanita is demonstrating Kohlberg's _______ level of morality.
Conventional
232
Mr. Lambers refuses to pay income taxes because his conscience will not allow him to support a government that spends billions of dollars on military weapons. Mr. Lambers' reasoning best illustrates Kohlberg's ________ stage.
Postconventional
233
Sixteen-year-old Brenda questions her parents' values but does not fully accept her friends' standards either. Her confusion about what she really wants and values in life suggests that Brenda is struggling with the problem of
Identity
234
Erik son suggested that the adolescent search for identity is followed by a developing capacity for
Intimacy
235
According to Freud, boys are most likely to experience the Oedipus complex during the _____ stage.
Phallic
236
The Oedipus complex is the term used by Freud to describe
Boys' feelings of guilt and fear of punishment over their sexual desire for their mother
237
Two-year-old Damien frequently refuses to obey his parents because he derives immense pleasure from demonstrating his independence from their control. Freud would have suggested that Damien is going through the _____ stage of development.
Anal
238
Gene spends a good deal of time bragging about his numerous sexual exploits. Freud would have suggested that Gene is fixated at the _____ stage
Phallic
239
Freud suggested that in the process of development, people pass through
A latency stage before they enter a genital stage
240
Even though Alicia was busy playing when her mother came to pick her up from her baby-sitter, she quickly ran to her mother, gesturing to be held. Alicia most clearly showed signs of
Secure attachment
241
Erik Erikson suggested that children with a secure attachment to their parents are especially likely to experience
Basic trust
242
The earliest stage of speech development is called the ______ stage.
Babbling
243
At 17 months of age, Julie says "wada" whenever she wants a drink of water. Julie is most likely in the _____ stage of language development
One-word
244
A European visitor to the United States asked a taxi driver, "Can you please a ride to the airport me give?" This visitor has apparently not yet mastered the _____ of the English language.
Syntax
245
Syntax refers to the
Correct arrangement of words into grammatically sensible sentences
246
When her teacher mentioned the arms race, Krista understood that the word "arms" referred to weapons and not to body parts. Krista's correct interpretation best illustrates the importance of
Semantics
247
In the words "lightly, "neatly", and "shortly", the "ly" ending is a(n)
Morpheme
248
The smallest speech units that carry meaning are called
Morphemes
249
Phonemes are
The smallest distinctive sound units of a language
250
English words are constructed from about ____ different phonemes.
40
251
The word "cats" contains ______ phoneme(s) and ________ morpheme(s)
4; 2
252
The two-factor theory of emotion would have difficulty explaining why a
Person automatically fears snakes even though he thinks they are attractive and harmless
253
A significant life change such as losing a job is best described as a
Stressor
254
The Harlow's study on surrogate mothers proved that a drive to reduce stimulation is always stronger than a drive for stimulation
False
255
Whether we feel angry or depressed in response to a low exam grade depends on whether we attribute the poor grade to an unfair test or to our own intelligence. This best illustrates that emotions are influenced by
Cognitive appraisals
256
Home-life satisfaction is more strongly predictive of subjective well-being in wealthy nations than in poor ones. This fact would be most clearly anticipated by
Hierarchy of needs theory
257
Henry Murray identified __ basic needs in his personality theory
16
258
William James is responsible for the "flight or fight" component of emotions
False
259
Both the James-Lange and the two-factor theories of emotion maintain that
The experience of emotion grows from an awareness of our body's arousal
260
The relationship between task difficulty and optimal arousal level is called the
York's-Dodson law
261
In addition to excreting orexin, the ______ monitors levels of the body's other appetite hormones.
Hypothalamus
262
The form of blood sugar that provides the major source of energy for body tissues is
Glucose
263
According to drive-reduction theory, a need refers to
A physiological state that usually triggers motivational arousal
264
Which of the following is a correct way to diagram Drive Reduction Theory?
Need-drive-incentive-satisfaction
265
Destruction of an appetite-suppressing area within the hypothalamus of a rat is most likely to
Cause the rat to become extremely fat
266
A stressor is a(n)
Environmental event that threatens or challenges us
267
Abraham Maslow referred to the need to live up to one's fullest and unique potential as the
Need for self-actualization
268
Dr. Ligorano has devoted his professional life to researching the desires and needs that energize and direct behavior. His area of research has obviously been
Motivation
269
Magda Arnold's theory of emotions can be analyzed into a series of seven stages
False
270
When we are too hot, we perspire in order to lower our body temperature and thereby
Maintain homeostasis
271
The most basic or lowest-level need in Maslow's hierarchy of human motives includes the need for
Food and water
272
College men given injections of epinephrine felt happiest if they were told the injection would produce ______ and if they were in the company of a person who is acting ______.
No effects; euphoric
273
The TAT is David McClelland's test to measure
Achievement
274
Cassandra's mother told her, "You know you are in love when your heart beats fast and you experience that unique trembling feeling inside." This remark best illustrates the ____ theory of emotion.
James-Lange
275
Obese people respond to external cues for eating
True
276
Appetite-stimulating hormones and appetite suppressing hormones are secreted by different neural centers within the
Arcuate nucleus
277
Matina Horner identified a dimension of achievement motivation in women called the motive to
Avoid success
278
A therapist tells a patient who is afraid of elevators that his rapid breathing while on an elevator is not due to fear nit is a natural consequence of too little oxygen in a small, enclosed space. With this new interpretation of his arousal, the patient no longer dreads elevators. The reduction in the patient's fear is best understood in terms of the
Two-factor theory
279
The James-Lange theory of emotion states that
To experience emotion is to be aware of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing event.
280
Maslow's hierarchy of needs suggests that people are unlikely to be motivated to obtain ______ if they are deprived of _____ .
Good grades in school; love and safety
281
The articulate nucleus is located within the
Hypothalamus
282
Motivation is defined by psychologists as
A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior toward a goal
283
According to the two-factor theory, the two basic components of emotions are ______ and _____ .
A cognitive label; physical arousal.
284
In Drive Reduction Theory the goal or incentive must actually satisfy the ned and the individual must
Recognize that it satisfies the need
285
Homeostasis, which is the goal of drive reduction, is defined as
The body's tendency to maintain a constant internal state
286
Who suggested that "we feel sorry because we cry....afraid because we tremble"?
William James
287
For a hungry person, the consumption of food serves to
Maintain homeostasis
288
A lack of sufficient oxygen intake is an example of a
Need
289
The World Health Organization defines obesity as a high
Body mass index
290
Food deprivation is to ______ as hunger is to ______
Need; drive
291
Maslow referred to the needs for purpose and meaning that lie beyond the self as
Self-Transcendence needs
292
Lillian will be taking an entrance exam for law school this afternoon. She is likely to ______ on the exam if her physiological arousal is _______ .
Do well; moderate
293
Professor Sanford explains that the need for physical safety must be met before city dwellers will be motivated to form close friendships with neighbors. Professor Sanford is providing an example of
A hierarchy of motives
294
People from different cultures are most likely to differ with respect to
How they interpret hand gestures such as the "A-Ok" sign
295
According to the James-Lange theory, we experience emotion _____ we notice our physiological arousal. According to the Cannon-Bard theory we experience emotion _____ we become physiologically aroused
After; at the same time as
296
According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
You experience fear at the same time your heart begins pounding
297
Basal metabolic rate is the body's resting rate of
Energy expenditure
298
He was one of the first people to identify that people across cultures express certain feelings in the same ways
Darwin
299
Test performance is typically _______ when physiological arousal is ______ .
Best' moderate
300
Several neural areas within the ______ regulate the extent to which we are motivated to eat.
Hypothalamus
301
For a thirsty person, drinking water serves to reduce
A drive
