Final Review Flashcards
1
Q
leukocytes
A
white blood cells, only blood components that are complete cells
2
Q
leukocytosis
A
WBC count over 11,000 per cubic millimeter,normal response to viral invasion
3
Q
granulocytes
A
with cytoplasimc granules, neutrophils, eosinophils, & basophils
4
Q
agranulocytes
A
do not have cytoplasmic granules, lymphocytes and monocytes
5
Q
What cell is this?
A
neutrophil - most common white blood cell, 60 %, , fine indistinct granules, fragmented nucleus
functions as a phagocyte, main bacteria killer during acute infection, multilobed nucleus, polymorphonucleated.
6
Q
What cell is this?
A
eosinophil - account for 3% of WBC, bilobed nuclei, have red to crimson large, coarse, lysosome-like granules, leads the body’s counter attack against parasitic worms, lessens the severity of allergies by phagocytizing immune complexes
7
Q
What white blood cell is this?
A
Basophil- u or s shaped nucleus, granules stain very dark, release heparin and histamine, account for 0.5% of WBCs, have large purplish-black granules
8
Q
What cell is this?
A
Lymphocytes- mounts an immune response either by a direct attack or by making antibodies, account for 25% or more of WBCs, large nucleus, with small ring of cytoplasm, two types - T cells: function in immune response and B cells: give rise to plasma cells which produce antibodies
9
Q
What cell is this?
A
monocyte- largest WBC, crucial in defense against viruses, associated with chronic infections, become macrophages, account for 4-8 % of leukocytes, abundant pale-blue cytoplasm, have purple staining u or kidney shaped nuclei, leave circulation, enter tissue and differentiate into macrophages
10
Q
erythrocytes
A
red blood cells, transports oxygen via hemoglobin and some carbon dioxide, biconcave, anucleate, filled with hemoglobin, 45%
11
Q
albumin
A
Plays major role in diffusion of water, plasma protein , major contributor to osmotic pressure, most abundant plasma protein, 60%
12
Q
Fibrinogen
A
This forms the structural framework of a blood clot.
involved in clotting, thrombin catalyzes the activation of fibrinogen
13
Q
Globulins
A
36% of plasma proteins, alpha and beta: transport proteins and gamma: antibodies
14
Q
hemoglobin F
A
fetus forms HbF, higher affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin, in fetal red blood cells.
15
Q
hemocytoblast
A
parent cell for all formed elements of blood, hormones and growth factors push cell toward specific pathway of blood cell development, commited cells cannot change
16
Q
function of blood
A
to deliver oxygen from lungs & nutrients from the digestive tract to body cells, transport metabolic waste from cells to the lings and kidneys for elimination, transport hormones from endocrine glands to target hormones
17
Q
erythropoiesis
A
red blood cell formation, triggered by hypoxia (low oxygen)
18
Q
erythropoietin EPO
A
produced by kidneys, targets red bone marrow, triggered by hypoxia, decreased oxygen available, increased demand for oxygen
19
Q
hypoxia
A
dificiency of oxygen in tissue
20
Q
reticulocyte
A
young red blood cells, if increased in peripheral blood it indicates there is an increased rate of RBC formation, enter blood stream, in 2 days mature to RBC
21
Q
Thrombocytes
A
platelets, fragments of megakaryocytes, platelets secret prostaglandin derivatives such as thromboxane A2
22
Q
Blood Type A
A
has A antigen on RBC, and anti-B antibodies in plasma
23
Q
Blood type B
A
has B antigen on RBC and Anti-A antibodies in plasma
24
Q
Blood Type AB
A
has A & B antigen on RBC and neither anti A nor anti B antibodies in plasma
25
Type O Blood
has neither A nor B antigens on RBC and it has anti A and anti B antibodies in plasma.
26
Rh factor
presence of the Rh agglutinogens on RBCs is indicated as Rh+
anti-Rh antibodies are not spontaneously formed in Rh- individuals, first exposure causes sensitization, exposed and making antibodies, a second exposure to Rh+ blood will result in a typical transfusion reaction
if mom is Rh- and baby is Rh+, then dad must be Rh-
27
hemolytic disease of the newborn also know as erythroblastosis fetalis
only occurs in Rh- mothers with Rh+ fetus, Rh-mom exposed to Rh+ blood of fetus during delivery of first baby - baby healthy
mother synthesizes anti-Rh antibodies, second pregnancy mom's antibodies can cross placenta and destroy RBCs of Rh+ baby, baby treated with pre-birth transfusions and exchange transfusions after birth and Rhogam serum containing ani-Rh can prevent Rh- mother from becoming sensitized.
28
Phases of hemotasis
1. vascular spasm
2. platelet plug formation
3. coagulation
29
vascular spasm
vasoconstriction of damaged blood vessels, triggers: direct injury to vascular smooth muscle, chemicals released by endothelial cells and platelets and pain reflexes.
30
platelet plug formation
platelets stick to the damaged area of a blood vessel and help seal the break
they do not stick to each other or to the endothelial lining of blood vessels, they stick to collagen fibers and form a platelet plug, stimulated by thromboxane A2
31
Coagulation
blood clotting, reinforces platelet plug with fibrin threads consisting of three phases
phase 1: #I -XIII; most plasma proteins, vitamin k need to synthesize 4 of them
phase 2: Prothrombin converted to enzyme thrombin
phase 3: Thrombin catalyzes fibrinogen \> fibrin
32
follicles
sacs in ovaries that each contain an egg, many tiny saclike structures embedded in high vascular connective tissue of cortex
33
corpus luteum
the left over follicle after ovulation, the ruputure follicle after ovulation, left over sac after the egg was released
34
amnion
forms from endoderm and mesoderm, transparent membranous sac surrounding the embryo, cushions the embryo,
35
amniotic fluid
cushions embryo, provides a protective water-filled sac
36
chorion
fetal contribution to the placenta, develops from mesoderm and trophoblast,
37
chorionic villi
where the exchange of nutrients and oxygen takes place between baby and mom
38
formation of extraembryonic membranes in sequential steps
yolk sac \> amnion \> allantois \> chorion
39
yolk sac
attached outside the developing embryo and is connected to the umbilical cord by a yolk stalk. This yolk sac acts as the prelimiary circulatory system and is eventually absorbed into the gut of the embryo
from endoderm and mesoderm, site of early blood cell production, forms part of digestive tube.
40
targets for hormones
have specific receptors, targets are what the hormone has an effect on
41
though hormones circulate systemically only cells
with receptors for that hormone is affected
42
hypophysis
pituitary gland, size and shape of a pea, has two major lobes, posterior (neural tissue) and anterior (glandular tissue), produces hormones that stimulate other glands, master gland
43
pancreas
regulates glucose levels, insulin lowers blood sugar and glucagon raised blood sugar, triangular shaped gland behind stomach, both exocrine and endocrine, has acinar cells and pancreatic islets (islets of langerhands) - these release the endocrine hormones insulin and glucagon
44
pancreatic islets (islets of langerhans)
contain endocrine cells, alpha cells produce glucagon (takes glycogen out of storage) and beta cells produce insulin
45
glycogenolysis
breakdown of glycogen to glucose
46
gluconeogensis
synthesis of glucose from lactic acid and noncarbohydrates
47
insulin
lowers blood glucose levels, not needed for glucose uptake in liver, kidney or brain
48
thyroid
hormones act similar to steroid hormones they can diffuse easily into target cells, produces major metabolic hormones
, affects virtually every cell in body, increases metabolic rate and heat production (calorigenic effect), regulation of tissue growth and development and maintenance of blood pressure, T4 and T3
49
parathyroid gland
PTH -parathyroid hormone, most important hormone in Ca2+ homeostasis, increases blood calcium levels and decreases bone calcium levels
controls blood levels of Ca2+ and K+, four to eight tiny glands embedded in posterior aspect of thyroid,
50
adrenal medulla
produces epinephrine (adrenaline), controls fight or flight reaction, hormones mimic sympathetic nervous system neurotransmitters. nervous tissue
51
adrenal cortex
produces glucocorticoids (cortisol), produces androgens, produces mineral corticoids (aldosterone), excess glucocorticoids levels result in Cushing's, has 3 layers
52
zona glomerulosa
mineralocorticoids, superficial layer
53
zona fasciculata
glucocorticoids,middle layer
54
zona reticularis
gonadocorticoids, innermost layer
55
osteoclasts
breaks down bone, stimulated by Parathyroid, increases intestinal and kidney calcium reabsorption
56
estrogen
maintains uterine lining, prepare mammary glands
maturation of female reproductive organs
appearance of secondary sexual characteristics
with progesterone causes breast development and cyclic changes in uterine mucosa
57
progesterone
produced by ovaries, acting with estrogen promotes breast development and cyclic changes in the uterine mucosa
58
growth hormone (somatotropin)
produced by anterior pituitary, targets bones and skeletal muscle, regulated by growth hormone releasing hormone and growth hormone inhibiting hormone, hypersecretion in children, gigantism, in adults, acromegaly
hyposecretion, in children pituitary dwarfism
direct actions on metabolism
indirect actions on growth
produced by anterior pituitary gland, somatotropin cells
59
calcitonin
produced by parafollicular (C) cells of thyroid, decreased blood calcium levels
no known physiological role in humans, some argue increases bone calcium
antagonist to parathyroid hormone
at higher than normal doses: inhibits osteoclast activity and release of Ca2+ from bone matrix; stimulates Ca2+ uptake and incorporation into bone matrix
60
mineralcorticoid-aldosterone
secreted by adrenal cortex , reabsorbs sodium in the kidney so thus water, increase blood volume and water
most potent mineralocorticoid, 95%, stimulates Na+ reabsorption and water retention by kidneys; elimination of K+; essential for life; its release is trigger by decreasing blood volume and blood pressure and rising blood levels of K+ ,
61
oxytocin
positive feedback; strong stimulant of uterine contraction; released during childbirth; hormonal trigger for milk ejection; acts as neurotransmitter in brain
62
antidiuretic hormone ADH (vasopressin)
made in hypothalamus then travels to posterior pituitary
inhibited by alcohol,
inhibits or prevents urine formation
regulates water balance
targets kidney tubules, reabsorb more water
diuretics
63
diabetes insipidus
ADH deficiency due to hypothalamus or posterior pituitary damage
64
leptin
secreted by adipose tissue, suppresses appetite, stimulates increased energy expenditure
65
glucocorticoid-cortisol
from adrenal cortex, hydrocortisone , only one in humans,
Plays a roles in inflammationa and stress
released in response to ACTH, patterns of eating and activity and stress; prime metabolic effect is gluconeogenesis- formations of glucose from fats and proteins; promotes rises in blood glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids; "save" glucose for brain, enhances vasoconstriction- rise in blood pressure to quickly distribute nutrients to cells.
66
follicle stimulating hormone FSH
targets gonads
anterior pituitary hormone, tropic hormone (regulate secretory action of other endocrine glands), gonadotropin,targets the testes.
67
prolactin
targets mammary gland, positive feedback,
secreted by prolactin cells of anterior pituitary gland, stimulates milk production, regulation of release primarily controled by prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH)(dopamine)
suckling stimulates PRH release and promotes continued milk production
blood levels rise at end of pregnancy
68
adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH
targets adrenal cortex
- secreted by corticotropic cells of anterior pituitary
- stimulates adrenal cortex to release corticosteriods
- regulation of ACTH release: triggered by hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in daily rhythm, internal and external factors such as fever, hypoglycermia, and stressors can alter the release of CRH
69
Thyroid stimulating hormone TSH (thyrotrpoin)
produced by thyrotropic cells of anterior pituitary
stimulates normal development and secretoru activity of thyroid
release triggered by thyrotropin-releaseing hormone from hypothalamus
inhibited by rising blood levels of thyroid hormones that act on pituitary and hypothalamus
70
thyroid hormones
iodine is required, T3 and T4
do not use second messengers, enter cells like steriods,
71
parathyroid hormone, parathormone
It DOES NOT inibit calcitonin synthesis
activates osetoclasts which breakdown bone and increase blood calcium, increases calcium reabsorption in kidneys and calcium absorption in intestine
72
atrial natriuretic peptide
decreases sodium reabsorption, thus decreases water reabsorption, lowers blood volume, lowers blood pressure, synthesized in atria of heart
73
testosterone
androgens, produced in testes by interstitial cells (Leydig cells)
causes appearance of male secondary sexual characterisitcs and sex drive
initiates maturation of male reproductive organs
necessary for normal sperm production
maintains reproductive organs in functional state.
74
Antidiurectic hormone ADH
decreases urine output
75
epinephrine (adrenaline)
synthesized by medullary chromaffin cells of the **adrenal medulla**, 80%
effects: vasoconstriction, increased heart rate, increased blood glucose levels, blood diverted to brain, heart and skeletal muscles
stimulates metabolic activities, bronchial dilation, and blood flow skeletal muscles and the heart.
76
norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
**From adrenal medulla** synthesized by medullary chromaffin cells 20%, influences peripheral vasoconstriction and blood pressure
77
synergism
more than one hormone produces same effects on target cells \> amplification
78
cushing's syndrome (disease)
excess adrenal cortex hormones, produces androgens, produces glucocorticoids, depresses cartilage and bone formation, inhibits inflammation, depresses immune system, disrupts cardiovascular, neural and gastrointestinal function
79
myxedema
severe hypothyroidism in adults, goiter if due to lack of iodine
80
cretinism
deficiency of thyroid hormones in infants, hyposecretion
81
diabetes insipidus
lack of ADH due to hypothalamus or posterior pituitary damage, must keep well hydrated.
82
splenic vein
a blood vessel connected directly to the spleen that drains blood from the spleen, the stomach and part of the pancreas. it is part of the hepatic portal system.
83
superior mesenteric vein
arises from the small intestine, ascending colon, and transverse colon. carries blood through the hepatic portal vein into the liver's hepatic portal system rather than returning this blood to the heart
84
inferior mesenteric vein
blood vessel that drains blood from the large intestine, ends when it reaches the splenic vein which goes on to form the portal vein with the superior mesenteric vein.
85
hepatic portal vein
blood vessel that sends nutrient rich blood from the gastrointestinal tract, gallbladder, pancreas and spleen to the liver. Formed by the union of the superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein
86
right gastroepiploic vein
drains blood from the greater curvature and the left part of the body of the stomach into the superior mesenteric vein.
87
renal artery
short but wide, right and left issues from the lateral surfaces of the aorta slightly below the superior mesenteric artery. Each serves the kidney on its side. supplies the kidney, does not anastomose
88
common hepatic artery
supplies duodenum and stomach, gives off branches to the stomach, duodenum and pancreas. a medium sized section of the celiac trunk and of of the final branches of the celiac artery. short blood vessels that supply oxygenated blood to the liver, pylorus of the stomach, duodenum and pancreas.
89
aorta
largest artery of the body, separated in acending, thoracic, and abdominal
90
inferior mesenteric artery
supplies distal areas of the large intestine, third main branch of the abdominal aorta and arises at the level of L3 supplying the large intestine
91
internal iliac artery
paired arteries runs into the pelvis and distributes blood to the pelvic walls and viscera (bladder, rectum, plus uterers & vagina in female, prostrate& ductus deferens in males)
92
brachiocephalic trunk
gives rise to the right common carotid and the right subclavian artery
93
radial artery
common site to take pulse (at wrist), runs from the medial line of the cubital fossa to the styloid process of the radius, supplies lateral muscles of forearm, wrist, thumb and index finger.
94
celiac trunk
large unpaired branch of the abdominal aorta that supplies the liver, stomach, spleen
95
external iliac artery
supplies a lower limb, supply blood to the pelvic regions, hips, thighs and the reproductive organs
96
internal carotid artery
supplies to the cerebral hemispheres, has one branch the opthamalic
97
right common carotid artery
branches from the brachiocephalic trunk in the neck, then branches into r & l internal carotid artery
98
right subclavian artery
continues from the brachiocephalic truck, provides blood for the neck and r. upper, branches into r vertebral and r axillary
99
anastomose
interconnections
100
lymphatic system
1. plays a role in immunity
2. cycles water that has leaked into tissues and brings it back into blood
3. lacteals - where products of fat digestion get absorbed
101
lymph nodes
nodes are bean shaped & surrounded by a fibrous capsule
trabeculae extended inward from the capsule and divide the node into compartments
nodes have two histological distinct regions: cortex and medulla
cortex contains follicles with germinal centers & heavy with dividing B cells
deep cortex houses T cells in transit.
T cells circulate continously among the blood, lymph nodes and lymphatic stream
medullary cords (thin inward extensions form cortical lymphoid tissue) extend from the cortex and contain B cells, T cells, and plasma cells
throughout the node are lymph sinuses
macrophages reside there and phaocytize foreign matter
102
lymph node function
acts as lymph filters and activates the immune system, produces lymphoid cells and houses granular white blood cells, serves as antigen surveillance areas.
103
afferent lymphatic vessels
lymph enters lymph node
104
efferent lymphatic vessels
lymph leaves lymph node
105
Thymus
atrophies as you get older
found over heart,
bilobed, secrets hormones thymosin and thymopoietin that cause T lymphocytes to become immunocompetent
doesn't contain a mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
106
right lymphatic duct
drains lymph from the right upper limb and the right side of the head and thorax
107
lumbar trunk
are formed by the union of the efferent vessels from the lateral aortic lymph nodes. They receive the lymph from the lower limbs, from the walls and viscera of the pelvis, from the kidneys and suprarenal glands and the deep lmyphatics of the greater part of the abdominal wall
108
Thoracic duct
of the left lymphatic duct, is the largest of the body's lymphatic ducts. It collect almost all of the lymph that circulates through the body (the remainder is collected by the right throacic duct); from there the lymph flows back into the blood stream.
109
cisterna chyli
is a dilated sac at the lower end of the thoracic duct in most mammals into which lymph from the intestinal trunk and two lumbar lymphatic trunks flow.
110
axillary nodes
in armpits
111
lymphatic capillaries
more permeable than blood capillaries, widespread but absent from bones, teeth, bone marrow and the entire nervous system, similar to blood capillaries, with modifications, mini-valves, increase in interstitial fluid volume opens the valves
during inflammation, lymph capillaries absorb: cell debris, pathogens and cancer cells
112
lacteals
specialized lymph capillaries present in intestinal mucopse, found in finger-like villi; absorb digested fat and deliver chyle (fatty lymp) to the blood.
113
peyer's patches
in walls of distal portion of small intestine, aggregates of lymphoid nodules, play a role in immunity, destroy bacteria and generate memory lemphocytes for long-term immunity
114
lymphatic collecting vessels
the capillaries dump into lymphatic collecting vessels. They are just like blood vessels and made up of same things but much thinner. They also have valves, just like veins, but more of them to ensure the flow of lymph
have some 3 tunics as veins, have thinner walls with more internal valves, anastomose more frequently
collecting vessles in the skin travel with superficial veins
deep vessels travel with arteries
nutrients supplied from branching vasa vasorum
115
vasa vasorum
tiny blood vessels in tunica externa that supplies nutrients to lymphatic collecting vessels
116
function of lymphoid tissue
houses and provides a proliferation site for lymphocytes, furnish an ideal serveillance vantage point for lymphocytes and macrophages, transports dietary fats, carries out immune response, drains excess intersitial fluid
117
Tricuspid valve
atriventicular valves, right av valve: ensure unidirectional blood flow through the heart, lie between right atria and right ventricle, has 3 cusps
118
bicuspid valve
mitral valve, left atriventricular valve and left av valve: endure unidirectional blood flow through heart, lie between left atria and left ventricle, 2 cusps
119
pulmonary semilunar valve
lies between the right ventricle and pulomnary trunk, prevents backflow into right ventricle
120
aortic semilunar valve
lies between left ventricle and the aorta, prevents backflow into the left ventricle
121
pulmonary circulation
short loop that runs from heart to lungs and back to heart,
inferior/superior vena cava \> right artrium \> tricuspid valve \> right ventricle \> pulomary semilunar valve \>pulmonary trunk \> pulomary arteries \> lungs \> pulmonary veins \> left atrium
122
Heart chambers
right and left atria and right and left ventricles
123
mycocardium
heart muscle layer
124
epicardium
serous layer covering the heart.
125
endocardium
inner lining of heart
126
parietal layer
outermost layer of the serous pericardium
127
bradycardia
abnormally slow heart rate
128
tachycardia
abnormally fast heart rate
129
cardiac reserve
difference between resting and maximal cardiac output
130
vagal tone
heart rate at rest under both autonomic divisions signaling
131
inhalation
pressure is greater in atmosphere than in lungs
inhaling, active, thoracic volume increases, pressure decreases and air flows in.
132
exhalation/expiration
pressure greater inside lungs than inside atomosphere
exhaling, passive, chest volume decreases, pressure increases
133
pons
instrumental in inhaling & exhaling control, smooth transitions to and from each
involved in respiratory control,
134
trachea
c shaped cartilage rings to keep trachea open (openess-patency) carina- point where trachea branches
135
Pharynx
back of throat, consists of nasopharynx (posterior to nasal cavity, uvula, pharyngeal tonsils), laryngopharynx ( continous with esophagus) and oropharynx (posterior to oral cavity, palatine tonsils, lingual tonsils, isthmus of fauces)
136
carina of trachea
point where trachea branches
137
primary bronchi
right and left bronchi
138
intrapulmonary pressure
pressure within the alveoli of the lungs, Ppul
139
alveoli
main site of gas exhange
140
boyles law
relates gas pressure to gas volume, pressure and volume are inversely proportional to each other
141
Dalton's law
in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is th sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixture
142
hepatopancreatic ampulla
where ducts from gallbladder, liver and pancreas unite
formed from union of pancreatic duct & common bile duct
143
hydrolysis
enzymatic breakdown using water, works on any type of food
144
hepatocytes
excrete bile, have canaliculi between them, drain into left and right hepatic ducts
they DO NOT produce enzymes
145
bile
made in liver, stored in gallbladder, mechanical digestion of lipids
found in bile: cholesterol, phopholipids, emulsification agents
146
intrinsic factor
a substance secreted by the stomach (specifically in parietal cells) that enables the body to absorb vitamin B12. It is a glycoprotein.
147
vitamin B12
requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed
148
vitamin D
needed for calcium absorption
149
micelles
collection of fatty elements, aggregates of fatty deposits clustered with bile salts
150
catabolism
chemically break down big molecules to small using enzymes
151
appendix
lymphoid tissue, attached to cecum in right lower quadrant
152
vermiform
wormlike, refers to appendix
153
cecum
beginning of large intestin
154
deglutition
swallowing
155
goblet cells
produces mucus, secretes mucus
156
large intestine bacteria
normal flora, synthesize vitamin k and B complex vitamins
157
hiatal hernia
superior part of stomach protudes slight above diaphragm
158
lingual frenulum
a fold of mucosa that secure the tongue to the floor of the mouth and limits its posterior movements
159
parietal cells
intrinsic factor, H+ & Cl+, scattered among chief cells
160
trypsin
a proteolytic enzyme secreated by the pancreas,
involved in proteins breaking down to amino acids
161
lipase
an enzyme that hydrolyzes lipids,
breaks down to fatty acids and glycerol
this is where 15% of all GI lipolysis takes place
162
amylase
an enzyme that hydrolyzes amylose (starch, a polysaccharide), made in salivary gland,
163
Dextrinase
an enzyme that completes the digestion of starch
164
afferent arteriole
high blood pressure vessel that forces fluid into glomerulus capsules
165
glomerulus
site of filtrate formation,
at filtration membrane specialized pericytes called glomerular mesangial cells engulf macromolecules, glomerular hydrostatic pressure is the chief force pushing water and solutes across the filtration membrane, filtration membran includes: glomerular epithelium, podocytes and a basement membrane
166
glomerular capsule
bowman's capsule, fenestrated vessel, the fluid in the capsule is similar to plasma except it does not contain plasma proteins,
parietal layer consist od simple squamous epithelium
167
efferent arteriole
may form the meandering vessels of the pertitubular capillary or the long straight vessels of the vas recta, drains the glomerulus
168
peritubular capillary
involved in the reabsorption of solutes and water from the tubular cells, blood supply received from tubular cells
contains blood that receives substances from tubular cells
these are low pressure porous vessels that reabsorb solutes and water tubule cells
169
vasa recta
bundles of long straight vessels formed from efferent arteriole in juxtamedullary nephrons
170
proximal convoluted tubules
most reabsorption occurs here
cuboidal cells, dense microvilli (folds of cell membrance, increase surface area), large mitochondria,
most active site in reabsorbing filtrate
reabsorbs virtually all nutrients
filtrate at the site of these cells is about the same osmolarity as blood plasma
sodium, potassium, amino acids, water, bicarbonate ions and glucose are reabsorbed here
H+ and NH4+ and some drugs secreted here
171
nephron loop
establishes medullary osmotic gradient, based on permeability properties
172
descending portion of the loop
simple squamous
contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moved down the medulla
starts out as size of PCT then becomes thin
water can leave - passive reabsorption of water
no solute reabsorbed
173
loop of Henle
the part of a kidney tubule that forms a long loop in the medulla of the kidney, from which water and salts are resorbed into the blood.
nephron loop
174
ascending portion of loop
most acending limbs are thick, some start out as thin then becomes thick
active reabsorption of sodium (tube to blood)
NaCl pumped out of filtrate (brough back to blood)
Active uses ATP
Na+, Cl-, K+ reabsorped
urea secreted from blood into ascending limb
175
distal convoluted tubule
cuboidel cells, very few microvilli-diagram
most electrolyte reabsorption by the renal tubules is hormonally controlled in distal tubule segments
regulated reabsorption: Na+ by aldosterone (Cl- follows), Ca+ by parathyroid hormone
secretion of K+, regulated by aldosterone
176
collecting duct
drains the distal convoluted tubule
have microvilli
most affected by ADH
regulated reabsorption: water by ADH, Na+ by aldosterone, CL- follows, Urea increased by ADH,
regulated secretion: K+ by aldosterone
reabsorption and secretion to maintain pH involved H+, HCO- and NH4+
177
renal corpuscle
the fenestrated glomerulus and the capsule (podoctyes)
include's a podocyte, a fenestrated capillary, efferent and afferent arteriole
178
universal donor
type o
179
universal recipient
type AB
180
What secretes estrogen and progesterone in the 1st trimester?
corpus luteum
181
cortisol is a glucocorticoid as
aldosterone is a mineralcorticoid
182
Where does blood go from the renal corpuscle?
flows into the efferent ateriole
