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A&P II > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

1
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells, only blood components that are complete cells

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2
Q

leukocytosis

A

WBC count over 11,000 per cubic millimeter,normal response to viral invasion

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3
Q

granulocytes

A

with cytoplasimc granules, neutrophils, eosinophils, & basophils

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4
Q

agranulocytes

A

do not have cytoplasmic granules, lymphocytes and monocytes

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5
Q

What cell is this?

A

neutrophil - most common white blood cell, 60 %, , fine indistinct granules, fragmented nucleus

functions as a phagocyte, main bacteria killer during acute infection, multilobed nucleus, polymorphonucleated.

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6
Q

What cell is this?

A

eosinophil - account for 3% of WBC, bilobed nuclei, have red to crimson large, coarse, lysosome-like granules, leads the body’s counter attack against parasitic worms, lessens the severity of allergies by phagocytizing immune complexes

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7
Q

What white blood cell is this?

A

Basophil- u or s shaped nucleus, granules stain very dark, release heparin and histamine, account for 0.5% of WBCs, have large purplish-black granules

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8
Q

What cell is this?

A

Lymphocytes- mounts an immune response either by a direct attack or by making antibodies, account for 25% or more of WBCs, large nucleus, with small ring of cytoplasm, two types - T cells: function in immune response and B cells: give rise to plasma cells which produce antibodies

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9
Q

What cell is this?

A

monocyte- largest WBC, crucial in defense against viruses, associated with chronic infections, become macrophages, account for 4-8 % of leukocytes, abundant pale-blue cytoplasm, have purple staining u or kidney shaped nuclei, leave circulation, enter tissue and differentiate into macrophages

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10
Q

erythrocytes

A

red blood cells, transports oxygen via hemoglobin and some carbon dioxide, biconcave, anucleate, filled with hemoglobin, 45%

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11
Q

albumin

A

Plays major role in diffusion of water, plasma protein , major contributor to osmotic pressure, most abundant plasma protein, 60%

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12
Q

Fibrinogen

A

This forms the structural framework of a blood clot.

involved in clotting, thrombin catalyzes the activation of fibrinogen

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13
Q

Globulins

A

36% of plasma proteins, alpha and beta: transport proteins and gamma: antibodies

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14
Q

hemoglobin F

A

fetus forms HbF, higher affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin, in fetal red blood cells.

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15
Q

hemocytoblast

A

parent cell for all formed elements of blood, hormones and growth factors push cell toward specific pathway of blood cell development, commited cells cannot change

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16
Q

function of blood

A

to deliver oxygen from lungs & nutrients from the digestive tract to body cells, transport metabolic waste from cells to the lings and kidneys for elimination, transport hormones from endocrine glands to target hormones

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17
Q

erythropoiesis

A

red blood cell formation, triggered by hypoxia (low oxygen)

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18
Q

erythropoietin EPO

A

produced by kidneys, targets red bone marrow, triggered by hypoxia, decreased oxygen available, increased demand for oxygen

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19
Q

hypoxia

A

dificiency of oxygen in tissue

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20
Q

reticulocyte

A

young red blood cells, if increased in peripheral blood it indicates there is an increased rate of RBC formation, enter blood stream, in 2 days mature to RBC

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21
Q

Thrombocytes

A

platelets, fragments of megakaryocytes, platelets secret prostaglandin derivatives such as thromboxane A2

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22
Q

Blood Type A

A

has A antigen on RBC, and anti-B antibodies in plasma

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23
Q

Blood type B

A

has B antigen on RBC and Anti-A antibodies in plasma

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24
Q

Blood Type AB

A

has A & B antigen on RBC and neither anti A nor anti B antibodies in plasma

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25
Q

Type O Blood

A

has neither A nor B antigens on RBC and it has anti A and anti B antibodies in plasma.

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26
Q

Rh factor

A

presence of the Rh agglutinogens on RBCs is indicated as Rh+

anti-Rh antibodies are not spontaneously formed in Rh- individuals, first exposure causes sensitization, exposed and making antibodies, a second exposure to Rh+ blood will result in a typical transfusion reaction

if mom is Rh- and baby is Rh+, then dad must be Rh-

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27
Q

hemolytic disease of the newborn also know as erythroblastosis fetalis

A

only occurs in Rh- mothers with Rh+ fetus, Rh-mom exposed to Rh+ blood of fetus during delivery of first baby - baby healthy

mother synthesizes anti-Rh antibodies, second pregnancy mom’s antibodies can cross placenta and destroy RBCs of Rh+ baby, baby treated with pre-birth transfusions and exchange transfusions after birth and Rhogam serum containing ani-Rh can prevent Rh- mother from becoming sensitized.

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28
Q

Phases of hemotasis

A
  1. vascular spasm
  2. platelet plug formation
  3. coagulation
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29
Q

vascular spasm

A

vasoconstriction of damaged blood vessels, triggers: direct injury to vascular smooth muscle, chemicals released by endothelial cells and platelets and pain reflexes.

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30
Q

platelet plug formation

A

platelets stick to the damaged area of a blood vessel and help seal the break

they do not stick to each other or to the endothelial lining of blood vessels, they stick to collagen fibers and form a platelet plug, stimulated by thromboxane A2

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31
Q

Coagulation

A

blood clotting, reinforces platelet plug with fibrin threads consisting of three phases

phase 1: #I -XIII; most plasma proteins, vitamin k need to synthesize 4 of them

phase 2: Prothrombin converted to enzyme thrombin

phase 3: Thrombin catalyzes fibrinogen > fibrin

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32
Q

follicles

A

sacs in ovaries that each contain an egg, many tiny saclike structures embedded in high vascular connective tissue of cortex

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33
Q

corpus luteum

A

the left over follicle after ovulation, the ruputure follicle after ovulation, left over sac after the egg was released

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34
Q

amnion

A

forms from endoderm and mesoderm, transparent membranous sac surrounding the embryo, cushions the embryo,

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35
Q

amniotic fluid

A

cushions embryo, provides a protective water-filled sac

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36
Q

chorion

A

fetal contribution to the placenta, develops from mesoderm and trophoblast,

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37
Q

chorionic villi

A

where the exchange of nutrients and oxygen takes place between baby and mom

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38
Q

formation of extraembryonic membranes in sequential steps

A

yolk sac > amnion > allantois > chorion

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39
Q

yolk sac

A

attached outside the developing embryo and is connected to the umbilical cord by a yolk stalk. This yolk sac acts as the prelimiary circulatory system and is eventually absorbed into the gut of the embryo

from endoderm and mesoderm, site of early blood cell production, forms part of digestive tube.

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40
Q

targets for hormones

A

have specific receptors, targets are what the hormone has an effect on

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41
Q

though hormones circulate systemically only cells

A

with receptors for that hormone is affected

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42
Q

hypophysis

A

pituitary gland, size and shape of a pea, has two major lobes, posterior (neural tissue) and anterior (glandular tissue), produces hormones that stimulate other glands, master gland

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43
Q

pancreas

A

regulates glucose levels, insulin lowers blood sugar and glucagon raised blood sugar, triangular shaped gland behind stomach, both exocrine and endocrine, has acinar cells and pancreatic islets (islets of langerhands) - these release the endocrine hormones insulin and glucagon

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44
Q

pancreatic islets (islets of langerhans)

A

contain endocrine cells, alpha cells produce glucagon (takes glycogen out of storage) and beta cells produce insulin

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45
Q

glycogenolysis

A

breakdown of glycogen to glucose

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46
Q

gluconeogensis

A

synthesis of glucose from lactic acid and noncarbohydrates

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47
Q

insulin

A

lowers blood glucose levels, not needed for glucose uptake in liver, kidney or brain

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48
Q

thyroid

A

hormones act similar to steroid hormones they can diffuse easily into target cells, produces major metabolic hormones

, affects virtually every cell in body, increases metabolic rate and heat production (calorigenic effect), regulation of tissue growth and development and maintenance of blood pressure, T4 and T3

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49
Q

parathyroid gland

A

PTH -parathyroid hormone, most important hormone in Ca2+ homeostasis, increases blood calcium levels and decreases bone calcium levels

controls blood levels of Ca2+ and K+, four to eight tiny glands embedded in posterior aspect of thyroid,

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50
Q

adrenal medulla

A

produces epinephrine (adrenaline), controls fight or flight reaction, hormones mimic sympathetic nervous system neurotransmitters. nervous tissue

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51
Q

adrenal cortex

A

produces glucocorticoids (cortisol), produces androgens, produces mineral corticoids (aldosterone), excess glucocorticoids levels result in Cushing’s, has 3 layers

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52
Q

zona glomerulosa

A

mineralocorticoids, superficial layer

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53
Q

zona fasciculata

A

glucocorticoids,middle layer

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54
Q

zona reticularis

A

gonadocorticoids, innermost layer

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55
Q

osteoclasts

A

breaks down bone, stimulated by Parathyroid, increases intestinal and kidney calcium reabsorption

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56
Q

estrogen

A

maintains uterine lining, prepare mammary glands

maturation of female reproductive organs

appearance of secondary sexual characteristics

with progesterone causes breast development and cyclic changes in uterine mucosa

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57
Q

progesterone

A

produced by ovaries, acting with estrogen promotes breast development and cyclic changes in the uterine mucosa

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58
Q

growth hormone (somatotropin)

A

produced by anterior pituitary, targets bones and skeletal muscle, regulated by growth hormone releasing hormone and growth hormone inhibiting hormone, hypersecretion in children, gigantism, in adults, acromegaly

hyposecretion, in children pituitary dwarfism

direct actions on metabolism

indirect actions on growth

produced by anterior pituitary gland, somatotropin cells

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59
Q

calcitonin

A

produced by parafollicular (C) cells of thyroid, decreased blood calcium levels

no known physiological role in humans, some argue increases bone calcium

antagonist to parathyroid hormone

at higher than normal doses: inhibits osteoclast activity and release of Ca2+ from bone matrix; stimulates Ca2+ uptake and incorporation into bone matrix

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60
Q

mineralcorticoid-aldosterone

A

secreted by adrenal cortex , reabsorbs sodium in the kidney so thus water, increase blood volume and water

most potent mineralocorticoid, 95%, stimulates Na+ reabsorption and water retention by kidneys; elimination of K+; essential for life; its release is trigger by decreasing blood volume and blood pressure and rising blood levels of K+ ,

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61
Q

oxytocin

A

positive feedback; strong stimulant of uterine contraction; released during childbirth; hormonal trigger for milk ejection; acts as neurotransmitter in brain

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62
Q

antidiuretic hormone ADH (vasopressin)

A

made in hypothalamus then travels to posterior pituitary

inhibited by alcohol,

inhibits or prevents urine formation

regulates water balance

targets kidney tubules, reabsorb more water

diuretics

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63
Q

diabetes insipidus

A

ADH deficiency due to hypothalamus or posterior pituitary damage

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64
Q

leptin

A

secreted by adipose tissue, suppresses appetite, stimulates increased energy expenditure

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65
Q

glucocorticoid-cortisol

A

from adrenal cortex, hydrocortisone , only one in humans,

Plays a roles in inflammationa and stress

released in response to ACTH, patterns of eating and activity and stress; prime metabolic effect is gluconeogenesis- formations of glucose from fats and proteins; promotes rises in blood glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids; “save” glucose for brain, enhances vasoconstriction- rise in blood pressure to quickly distribute nutrients to cells.

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66
Q

follicle stimulating hormone FSH

A

targets gonads

anterior pituitary hormone, tropic hormone (regulate secretory action of other endocrine glands), gonadotropin,targets the testes.

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67
Q

prolactin

A

targets mammary gland, positive feedback,

secreted by prolactin cells of anterior pituitary gland, stimulates milk production, regulation of release primarily controled by prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH)(dopamine)

suckling stimulates PRH release and promotes continued milk production

blood levels rise at end of pregnancy

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68
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH

A

targets adrenal cortex

  • secreted by corticotropic cells of anterior pituitary
  • stimulates adrenal cortex to release corticosteriods
  • regulation of ACTH release: triggered by hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in daily rhythm, internal and external factors such as fever, hypoglycermia, and stressors can alter the release of CRH
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69
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone TSH (thyrotrpoin)

A

produced by thyrotropic cells of anterior pituitary

stimulates normal development and secretoru activity of thyroid

release triggered by thyrotropin-releaseing hormone from hypothalamus

inhibited by rising blood levels of thyroid hormones that act on pituitary and hypothalamus

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70
Q

thyroid hormones

A

iodine is required, T3 and T4

do not use second messengers, enter cells like steriods,

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71
Q

parathyroid hormone, parathormone

A

It DOES NOT inibit calcitonin synthesis

activates osetoclasts which breakdown bone and increase blood calcium, increases calcium reabsorption in kidneys and calcium absorption in intestine

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72
Q

atrial natriuretic peptide

A

decreases sodium reabsorption, thus decreases water reabsorption, lowers blood volume, lowers blood pressure, synthesized in atria of heart

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73
Q

testosterone

A

androgens, produced in testes by interstitial cells (Leydig cells)

causes appearance of male secondary sexual characterisitcs and sex drive

initiates maturation of male reproductive organs

necessary for normal sperm production

maintains reproductive organs in functional state.

74
Q

Antidiurectic hormone ADH

A

decreases urine output

75
Q

epinephrine (adrenaline)

A

synthesized by medullary chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla, 80%

effects: vasoconstriction, increased heart rate, increased blood glucose levels, blood diverted to brain, heart and skeletal muscles

stimulates metabolic activities, bronchial dilation, and blood flow skeletal muscles and the heart.

76
Q

norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

A

From adrenal medulla synthesized by medullary chromaffin cells 20%, influences peripheral vasoconstriction and blood pressure

77
Q

synergism

A

more than one hormone produces same effects on target cells > amplification

78
Q

cushing’s syndrome (disease)

A

excess adrenal cortex hormones, produces androgens, produces glucocorticoids, depresses cartilage and bone formation, inhibits inflammation, depresses immune system, disrupts cardiovascular, neural and gastrointestinal function

79
Q

myxedema

A

severe hypothyroidism in adults, goiter if due to lack of iodine

80
Q

cretinism

A

deficiency of thyroid hormones in infants, hyposecretion

81
Q

diabetes insipidus

A

lack of ADH due to hypothalamus or posterior pituitary damage, must keep well hydrated.

82
Q

splenic vein

A

a blood vessel connected directly to the spleen that drains blood from the spleen, the stomach and part of the pancreas. it is part of the hepatic portal system.

83
Q

superior mesenteric vein

A

arises from the small intestine, ascending colon, and transverse colon. carries blood through the hepatic portal vein into the liver’s hepatic portal system rather than returning this blood to the heart

84
Q

inferior mesenteric vein

A

blood vessel that drains blood from the large intestine, ends when it reaches the splenic vein which goes on to form the portal vein with the superior mesenteric vein.

85
Q

hepatic portal vein

A

blood vessel that sends nutrient rich blood from the gastrointestinal tract, gallbladder, pancreas and spleen to the liver. Formed by the union of the superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein

86
Q

right gastroepiploic vein

A

drains blood from the greater curvature and the left part of the body of the stomach into the superior mesenteric vein.

87
Q

renal artery

A

short but wide, right and left issues from the lateral surfaces of the aorta slightly below the superior mesenteric artery. Each serves the kidney on its side. supplies the kidney, does not anastomose

88
Q

common hepatic artery

A

supplies duodenum and stomach, gives off branches to the stomach, duodenum and pancreas. a medium sized section of the celiac trunk and of of the final branches of the celiac artery. short blood vessels that supply oxygenated blood to the liver, pylorus of the stomach, duodenum and pancreas.

89
Q

aorta

A

largest artery of the body, separated in acending, thoracic, and abdominal

90
Q

inferior mesenteric artery

A

supplies distal areas of the large intestine, third main branch of the abdominal aorta and arises at the level of L3 supplying the large intestine

91
Q

internal iliac artery

A

paired arteries runs into the pelvis and distributes blood to the pelvic walls and viscera (bladder, rectum, plus uterers & vagina in female, prostrate& ductus deferens in males)

92
Q

brachiocephalic trunk

A

gives rise to the right common carotid and the right subclavian artery

93
Q

radial artery

A

common site to take pulse (at wrist), runs from the medial line of the cubital fossa to the styloid process of the radius, supplies lateral muscles of forearm, wrist, thumb and index finger.

94
Q

celiac trunk

A

large unpaired branch of the abdominal aorta that supplies the liver, stomach, spleen

95
Q

external iliac artery

A

supplies a lower limb, supply blood to the pelvic regions, hips, thighs and the reproductive organs

96
Q

internal carotid artery

A

supplies to the cerebral hemispheres, has one branch the opthamalic

97
Q

right common carotid artery

A

branches from the brachiocephalic trunk in the neck, then branches into r & l internal carotid artery

98
Q

right subclavian artery

A

continues from the brachiocephalic truck, provides blood for the neck and r. upper, branches into r vertebral and r axillary

99
Q

anastomose

A

interconnections

100
Q

lymphatic system

A
  1. plays a role in immunity
  2. cycles water that has leaked into tissues and brings it back into blood
  3. lacteals - where products of fat digestion get absorbed
101
Q

lymph nodes

A

nodes are bean shaped & surrounded by a fibrous capsule

trabeculae extended inward from the capsule and divide the node into compartments

nodes have two histological distinct regions: cortex and medulla

cortex contains follicles with germinal centers & heavy with dividing B cells

deep cortex houses T cells in transit.

T cells circulate continously among the blood, lymph nodes and lymphatic stream

medullary cords (thin inward extensions form cortical lymphoid tissue) extend from the cortex and contain B cells, T cells, and plasma cells

throughout the node are lymph sinuses

macrophages reside there and phaocytize foreign matter

102
Q

lymph node function

A

acts as lymph filters and activates the immune system, produces lymphoid cells and houses granular white blood cells, serves as antigen surveillance areas.

103
Q

afferent lymphatic vessels

A

lymph enters lymph node

104
Q

efferent lymphatic vessels

A

lymph leaves lymph node

105
Q

Thymus

A

atrophies as you get older

found over heart,

bilobed, secrets hormones thymosin and thymopoietin that cause T lymphocytes to become immunocompetent

doesn’t contain a mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

106
Q

right lymphatic duct

A

drains lymph from the right upper limb and the right side of the head and thorax

107
Q

lumbar trunk

A

are formed by the union of the efferent vessels from the lateral aortic lymph nodes. They receive the lymph from the lower limbs, from the walls and viscera of the pelvis, from the kidneys and suprarenal glands and the deep lmyphatics of the greater part of the abdominal wall

108
Q

Thoracic duct

A

of the left lymphatic duct, is the largest of the body’s lymphatic ducts. It collect almost all of the lymph that circulates through the body (the remainder is collected by the right throacic duct); from there the lymph flows back into the blood stream.

109
Q

cisterna chyli

A

is a dilated sac at the lower end of the thoracic duct in most mammals into which lymph from the intestinal trunk and two lumbar lymphatic trunks flow.

110
Q

axillary nodes

A

in armpits

111
Q

lymphatic capillaries

A

more permeable than blood capillaries, widespread but absent from bones, teeth, bone marrow and the entire nervous system, similar to blood capillaries, with modifications, mini-valves, increase in interstitial fluid volume opens the valves

during inflammation, lymph capillaries absorb: cell debris, pathogens and cancer cells

112
Q

lacteals

A

specialized lymph capillaries present in intestinal mucopse, found in finger-like villi; absorb digested fat and deliver chyle (fatty lymp) to the blood.

113
Q

peyer’s patches

A

in walls of distal portion of small intestine, aggregates of lymphoid nodules, play a role in immunity, destroy bacteria and generate memory lemphocytes for long-term immunity

114
Q

lymphatic collecting vessels

A

the capillaries dump into lymphatic collecting vessels. They are just like blood vessels and made up of same things but much thinner. They also have valves, just like veins, but more of them to ensure the flow of lymph

have some 3 tunics as veins, have thinner walls with more internal valves, anastomose more frequently

collecting vessles in the skin travel with superficial veins

deep vessels travel with arteries

nutrients supplied from branching vasa vasorum

115
Q

vasa vasorum

A

tiny blood vessels in tunica externa that supplies nutrients to lymphatic collecting vessels

116
Q

function of lymphoid tissue

A

houses and provides a proliferation site for lymphocytes, furnish an ideal serveillance vantage point for lymphocytes and macrophages, transports dietary fats, carries out immune response, drains excess intersitial fluid

117
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

atriventicular valves, right av valve: ensure unidirectional blood flow through the heart, lie between right atria and right ventricle, has 3 cusps

118
Q

bicuspid valve

A

mitral valve, left atriventricular valve and left av valve: endure unidirectional blood flow through heart, lie between left atria and left ventricle, 2 cusps

119
Q

pulmonary semilunar valve

A

lies between the right ventricle and pulomnary trunk, prevents backflow into right ventricle

120
Q

aortic semilunar valve

A

lies between left ventricle and the aorta, prevents backflow into the left ventricle

121
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

short loop that runs from heart to lungs and back to heart,

inferior/superior vena cava > right artrium > tricuspid valve > right ventricle > pulomary semilunar valve >pulmonary trunk > pulomary arteries > lungs > pulmonary veins > left atrium

122
Q

Heart chambers

A

right and left atria and right and left ventricles

123
Q

mycocardium

A

heart muscle layer

124
Q

epicardium

A

serous layer covering the heart.

125
Q

endocardium

A

inner lining of heart

126
Q

parietal layer

A

outermost layer of the serous pericardium

127
Q

bradycardia

A

abnormally slow heart rate

128
Q

tachycardia

A

abnormally fast heart rate

129
Q

cardiac reserve

A

difference between resting and maximal cardiac output

130
Q

vagal tone

A

heart rate at rest under both autonomic divisions signaling

131
Q

inhalation

A

pressure is greater in atmosphere than in lungs

inhaling, active, thoracic volume increases, pressure decreases and air flows in.

132
Q

exhalation/expiration

A

pressure greater inside lungs than inside atomosphere

exhaling, passive, chest volume decreases, pressure increases

133
Q

pons

A

instrumental in inhaling & exhaling control, smooth transitions to and from each

involved in respiratory control,

134
Q

trachea

A

c shaped cartilage rings to keep trachea open (openess-patency) carina- point where trachea branches

135
Q

Pharynx

A

back of throat, consists of nasopharynx (posterior to nasal cavity, uvula, pharyngeal tonsils), laryngopharynx ( continous with esophagus) and oropharynx (posterior to oral cavity, palatine tonsils, lingual tonsils, isthmus of fauces)

136
Q

carina of trachea

A

point where trachea branches

137
Q

primary bronchi

A

right and left bronchi

138
Q

intrapulmonary pressure

A

pressure within the alveoli of the lungs, Ppul

139
Q

alveoli

A

main site of gas exhange

140
Q

boyles law

A

relates gas pressure to gas volume, pressure and volume are inversely proportional to each other

141
Q

Dalton’s law

A

in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is th sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixture

142
Q

hepatopancreatic ampulla

A

where ducts from gallbladder, liver and pancreas unite

formed from union of pancreatic duct & common bile duct

143
Q

hydrolysis

A

enzymatic breakdown using water, works on any type of food

144
Q

hepatocytes

A

excrete bile, have canaliculi between them, drain into left and right hepatic ducts

they DO NOT produce enzymes

145
Q

bile

A

made in liver, stored in gallbladder, mechanical digestion of lipids

found in bile: cholesterol, phopholipids, emulsification agents

146
Q

intrinsic factor

A

a substance secreted by the stomach (specifically in parietal cells) that enables the body to absorb vitamin B12. It is a glycoprotein.

147
Q

vitamin B12

A

requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed

148
Q

vitamin D

A

needed for calcium absorption

149
Q

micelles

A

collection of fatty elements, aggregates of fatty deposits clustered with bile salts

150
Q

catabolism

A

chemically break down big molecules to small using enzymes

151
Q

appendix

A

lymphoid tissue, attached to cecum in right lower quadrant

152
Q

vermiform

A

wormlike, refers to appendix

153
Q

cecum

A

beginning of large intestin

154
Q

deglutition

A

swallowing

155
Q

goblet cells

A

produces mucus, secretes mucus

156
Q

large intestine bacteria

A

normal flora, synthesize vitamin k and B complex vitamins

157
Q

hiatal hernia

A

superior part of stomach protudes slight above diaphragm

158
Q

lingual frenulum

A

a fold of mucosa that secure the tongue to the floor of the mouth and limits its posterior movements

159
Q

parietal cells

A

intrinsic factor, H+ & Cl+, scattered among chief cells

160
Q

trypsin

A

a proteolytic enzyme secreated by the pancreas,

involved in proteins breaking down to amino acids

161
Q

lipase

A

an enzyme that hydrolyzes lipids,

breaks down to fatty acids and glycerol

this is where 15% of all GI lipolysis takes place

162
Q

amylase

A

an enzyme that hydrolyzes amylose (starch, a polysaccharide), made in salivary gland,

163
Q

Dextrinase

A

an enzyme that completes the digestion of starch

164
Q

afferent arteriole

A

high blood pressure vessel that forces fluid into glomerulus capsules

165
Q

glomerulus

A

site of filtrate formation,

at filtration membrane specialized pericytes called glomerular mesangial cells engulf macromolecules, glomerular hydrostatic pressure is the chief force pushing water and solutes across the filtration membrane, filtration membran includes: glomerular epithelium, podocytes and a basement membrane

166
Q

glomerular capsule

A

bowman’s capsule, fenestrated vessel, the fluid in the capsule is similar to plasma except it does not contain plasma proteins,

parietal layer consist od simple squamous epithelium

167
Q

efferent arteriole

A

may form the meandering vessels of the pertitubular capillary or the long straight vessels of the vas recta, drains the glomerulus

168
Q

peritubular capillary

A

involved in the reabsorption of solutes and water from the tubular cells, blood supply received from tubular cells

contains blood that receives substances from tubular cells

these are low pressure porous vessels that reabsorb solutes and water tubule cells

169
Q

vasa recta

A

bundles of long straight vessels formed from efferent arteriole in juxtamedullary nephrons

170
Q

proximal convoluted tubules

A

most reabsorption occurs here

cuboidal cells, dense microvilli (folds of cell membrance, increase surface area), large mitochondria,

most active site in reabsorbing filtrate

reabsorbs virtually all nutrients

filtrate at the site of these cells is about the same osmolarity as blood plasma

sodium, potassium, amino acids, water, bicarbonate ions and glucose are reabsorbed here

H+ and NH4+ and some drugs secreted here

171
Q

nephron loop

A

establishes medullary osmotic gradient, based on permeability properties

172
Q

descending portion of the loop

A

simple squamous

contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moved down the medulla

starts out as size of PCT then becomes thin

water can leave - passive reabsorption of water

no solute reabsorbed

173
Q

loop of Henle

A

the part of a kidney tubule that forms a long loop in the medulla of the kidney, from which water and salts are resorbed into the blood.

nephron loop

174
Q

ascending portion of loop

A

most acending limbs are thick, some start out as thin then becomes thick

active reabsorption of sodium (tube to blood)

NaCl pumped out of filtrate (brough back to blood)

Active uses ATP

Na+, Cl-, K+ reabsorped

urea secreted from blood into ascending limb

175
Q

distal convoluted tubule

A

cuboidel cells, very few microvilli-diagram

most electrolyte reabsorption by the renal tubules is hormonally controlled in distal tubule segments

regulated reabsorption: Na+ by aldosterone (Cl- follows), Ca+ by parathyroid hormone

secretion of K+, regulated by aldosterone

176
Q

collecting duct

A

drains the distal convoluted tubule

have microvilli

most affected by ADH

regulated reabsorption: water by ADH, Na+ by aldosterone, CL- follows, Urea increased by ADH,

regulated secretion: K+ by aldosterone

reabsorption and secretion to maintain pH involved H+, HCO- and NH4+

177
Q

renal corpuscle

A

the fenestrated glomerulus and the capsule (podoctyes)

include’s a podocyte, a fenestrated capillary, efferent and afferent arteriole

178
Q

universal donor

A

type o

179
Q

universal recipient

A

type AB

180
Q

What secretes estrogen and progesterone in the 1st trimester?

A

corpus luteum

181
Q

cortisol is a glucocorticoid as

A

aldosterone is a mineralcorticoid

182
Q

Where does blood go from the renal corpuscle?

A

flows into the efferent ateriole

A&P II (7 decks)

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