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A&P II > Lab Quiz 3 study > Flashcards

Lab Quiz 3 study Flashcards

1
Q

fibrous (renal) capsule of kidney

A

a transparent capsule that prevents infections in the surrounding regions from spreading to the kidney

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2
Q

renal hilum

A

medial surface where concave and have vertical cleft, and where the ureter, renal blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves join the kidneys

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3
Q

renal cortex

A

most superficial kidney region, lighter in color, contains the bulk of nephrons, site of glomerular filtration

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4
Q

renal medulla

A

deep to the cortex, consist of medullary pyramids, stripped appearance., site of tubular reabsorption

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5
Q

renal columns

A

spaces between the renal pyramids , bands of granular tissue separating adjacent renal pyramids. contains vessels and urinary tube that run into the cortex.

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6
Q

renal pyramids

A

cone-shaped tissue masses, board base of each pyramid faces towards the cortex and its apex points internally, appear stripped because they are formed almost entirely of parallel bundles of microscopic urine collecting tubules and capillaries.

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7
Q

renal sinus

A

a cavity within the kidney which is occupied by the renal pelvis, renal calyces, blood vessels, nerves and fat.

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8
Q

papilla of pyramid

A

the location where the renal pyramids in the medulla empty urine into the minor calyx in the kidney. Histologically it is marked by medullary collecting ducts converging to form a papillary duct to channel the fluid.

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9
Q

minor calyx

A

subdivisions of the major calyx, cup-shaped drain that urine is brought to from the renal papilla.

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10
Q

major calyx

A

large extensions of the renal pelvis, large funnel shaped chamber made up pf 4 or 5 minor calyces

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11
Q

ureters

A

tube that carries urine from kidney to bladder

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12
Q

urethra

A

canal through which urine passes from the bladder (and semen passes from the ejaculatory duct in the male) to outside the body

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13
Q

renal artery

A

bring oxygenated blood to the kidneys

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14
Q

segmental arteries

A

branches from the renal arteries

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15
Q

interlobar arteries

A

branches from the segmental arteries

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16
Q

renal vein

A

exits from the kidneys and drains filtered, deoxygenated blood to the inferior vena cava.

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17
Q

interlobar veins

A

drains into the renal veins

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18
Q

renal pelvis

A

a funnel shaped sac that collects the urine and directs it to the ureters, a cavity at the base of the kidney which collects urine from the renal calyces and carries it to the ureter

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19
Q

shell around renal medulla

A

renal cortex

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20
Q

branches of renal pelvis to renal papillae

A

calyces

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21
Q

conical mass of tissue within renal medulla

A

renal pyramind

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22
Q

projection with tiny opening into minor calyx

A

renal papilla

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23
Q

medial depression for blood vessels to enter kidney

A

hilum

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24
Q

microscopic functional unit of kidney

A

nephron

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25
Q

tissue between renal pyramids

A

renal column

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26
Q

superior funnel-shaped end of ureter

A

renal pelvis

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27
Q 
arrange the following structures to indicate their respective positions in relation to filtrate flow through the nephron:
ascending limb of the nephron loop
collectioning duct
descending limb of the nephron loop
distal convoluted tubule
proximal convoluted tubule
renal papilla
A 
proximal convoluted tubule
ascending limb of the nephron loop
descending limb of the nephron loop
distal convoluted tubule
collecting duct
renal papilla
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28
Q

pyuria

A

leukocytes in urine, normal values: 4500-11000, presence of WBCs or pus in urine caused by inflammation of the urinary tract could indicate UTI, including pyelonephritis or gonorrhea

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29
Q

nitrituria

A

nitrites in urine, normal values: 0, results when gram-negative bacteria such as E. coli reduce nitrates to form nitrites, UTIs

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30
Q

urobilinogen in urine

A

normal values: 0.2-1 mg/dL, too much can indicate liver disease such as cirrhosis, or hepatitis

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31
Q

proteinuria or albuminuria

A

normal values: 0-20 mg/dL, increased permeability of the glomerular filtration membrane (proteins are usually too large to pass through); albumin is the most abundant blood protein, pathological: hypertension, glomerulonephritis, ingestion of poisons, bacterial toxins, kidney trauma
nonpathological: excessive physical exertion, pregnancy

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32
Q

Hematuria

A

normal value: 0, Red Blood Cells in urine, irritation of the urinary tract organs that results in bleeding; or a result of leakage of RBCs through a damaged filtration membrane; could be caused by bleeding in the tract; kidney stones, urinary tract tumors, trauma to urinary tract organs; damaged filtration membrane: glomerulonephritis

33
Q

specific gravity of urine

A

normal 1.001-1.030, out of range could be due to fever, diabetes mellitus, starvation, limited fluid intake, pyelonephritis.

34
Q

ketonuria

A

normal range: 0; ketone bodies in urine, excessive production of intermediates of fat metabolism, which may result in acidosis, possibly because of of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, starvation, low-carbohydrate diet.

35
Q

bilirubinuria

A

bile pigments, normal: 0; increased levels of bilirubin in the urine as a result of liver damage or blockage of the bile duct possibly caused by hepatitis, cirrhosis of the liver or gallstones.

36
Q

glycosuria or glucosuria

A

glucose; normal: 0; high blood sugar levels to to inadequate insulin levels; or can result when active transport mechanisms for glucose are exceeded temporarily, pathological: uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, nonpathological: excessive carbohydrate intake.

37
Q

pH

A

normal urine pH is 4.5- 8.0, pH can be affected by diet or bacterial infection.

38
Q

systole

A

ventricular contraction

39
Q

diastole

A

ventricular relaxation

40
Q

cardiac cycle

A

sequence of events encompassing one complete contraction and relaxation of the atria and ventricles of the heart

41
Q

dicrotic notch

A

a sudden drop in pressure after systolic contraction caused by backflow of blood in arteries when the semilunar valves are closing, marks end of systole

42
Q

quiescent period

A

0.4 sec of total heart relaxation

43
Q

murmurs

A

blood strikes obstructions and its flow becomes turbulent and generates abnormal heart sounds.

44
Q

ausculated

A

listening to internal sounds of a body

45
Q

pulse

A

rhythmic expansion and recoil of arteries resulting from heart contraction; can be felt from outside the body

46
Q

pulse pressure

A

systolic pressure - diastolic pressure, and it indicates the amount of blood forced from the heart during systole

47
Q

plethysmograph

A

measures changes in volume in different areas of your body.

48
Q

radial pulse

A

taken at wrist, commonly used

49
Q

apical pulse

A

point of maximum impulse and is located at the apex of heart

50
Q

pulse deficit

A

difference between a radial and apex of heart pulse

51
Q

blood pressure

A

force exerted by blood against a unit of area of blood vessel walls.

52
Q

systolic pressure

A

pressure exerted in aorta during ventricular contraction

53
Q

diastolic pressure

A

lowest level of aortic pressure.

54
Q

mm Hg

A

millimeters of mercury

55
Q

sphymomanometer

A

blood pressure cuff, used to obtain blood pressure readings.

56
Q

sounds of korotkoff

A

tapping sound over a partially occluded blood vessel

57
Q

mean arterial pressure

A

pressure that propels blood to tissues

58
Q

cardiac output

A

blood flow through entire vascular system is equivalent to cardiac output.

59
Q

peripheral resistance

A

a measurement of the amount of friction encountered by blood as it flows through the blood vessels.

60
Q

auscultating tricuspid valve

A

right sternal margin of 5th intercostal space; over sternum or over left sternal margin in 5th intercostal space

61
Q

auscultating bicuspid (mitral) valve

A

over heart apex or 5th intercostal space in line with middle of clavicle

62
Q

auscultating pulmonary valve

A

2nd intercostal space in line with middle of clavicle

63
Q

auscultating aortic valve

A

2nd intercostal space at right sternal margin

64
Q

Superficial temporal artery pulse point

A

anterior to ear, in the temple region

65
Q

facial artery pulse point

A

clench the teeth and palpate the pulse just anterior to the masseter muscle on the mandible ( in line with the corner of the mouth)

66
Q

common carotid artery pulse point

A

at the side of the neck

67
Q

brachial artery pulse point

A

in the cubital fossa, at point where it bifurcates into the radial & ulnar arteries.

68
Q

radial artery pulse point

A

at lateral aspect of wrist, above the thumb

69
Q

femoral artery pulse point

A

in the groin

70
Q

popliteal artery pulse point

A

at the back of the knee

71
Q

posterior tibial artery pulse point

A

just above the medial malleolus

72
Q

dorsalis pedis artery pulse point

A

on the dorsum of the foot.

73
Q

tidal volume (tv)

A

500 ml, amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions

74
Q

inspiratory volume (irv)

A

1900-3100 , amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inspiration

75
Q

expiratory reserve (ERV)

A

700-1200 ml amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume expiration

76
Q

residual volume (RV)

A

1100 - 1200 ml, amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration.

77
Q

total lung capacity (TLC)

A

4200-6100 ml, maximum amount of air contained in lungs after a maximum inspiratory effort: tlc=tv +irv+erv+rv

78
Q

vital capacity (VC)

A

3100-4800 ml, maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiratory effort: vc=tv+irv+erv

79
Q

functional residual capacity (FRC)

A

1800 - 2400 ml, volume of air remaing in the lungs after a normal tidal volume expiration: FRC=erv+rv

A&P II (7 decks)

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