Final Review: Seidler Slides Flashcards by Zak Reneau

What is the agent & target for glycation?

Agents = Carbonyls, Aldehydes/Ketones
Targets = Lys, Arg, Cys

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What is the agent & target for oxidation?

Agent = Hydrogen peroxide, Hydroxyl radical, Super oxide anion radical
Targets = Cys, Met

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What is the agent & target for nitration?

Agent = NO [-ONOO, NO2]
Target = Tyr

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What is the agent & target for nitrosylation?

Agents = NO [-ONOO, NO2]
Targets = Cys

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What is the agent & target for sulfhydration?

Agents = H2S-->HS radical (Hydrogen sulfide)
Target = Cys

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What is the agent & target for succination?

Agent = Fumarate
Target = Cys

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For O-GlcNacylation, which residues must be modified?

Thr-229

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For S-nitrosylation, what residues must be modified?

Cys-152

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For N-acetylation, what residues must be modified?

Lys-117, 227, 251

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Which components of the ATPase are in the F1 unit?

All the greek letters (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon)

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What does the F1 unit do?

Makes the ATP

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Which components of the ATPase are in the F0 unit?

All regular letters (A, B, C)

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What does the F0 unit do?

Translocates proteins

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Which enzyme converts ornithine to citrulline?

Ornithine Transcarbamoylase with the addition of Cabamoyl phosphate
(Done in mitochondrial matrix)

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What enzyme converts citrulline to argininosuccinate?

Arginosuccinate Synthetase with addition of Aspartate

cytoplasm

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What enzyme converts Argininosuccinate to Arginine?

Argininosuccinate Lyase with release of Fumarate

cytoplasm

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What enzyme converts Arginine to Ornithine?

Argininase with addition of H2O

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What final components form the urea from the urea cycle?

Arginine + H2O (catalyzed by argininase)

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Where does the urea cycle occur?

Liver

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What helps transfer nitrogens into the urea cycle?

Aminotransferases

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What is sphingosine derived from?

Ser

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What is histamine derived from?

His

What is thyroxine derived from?

Tyr

What is epinephrine derived from?

Tyr

What is serotonin derived from?

Trp

What is nicotinamide derived from?

Trp

In heme synthesis, what is the first (of two talked about) genetic mutation that can occur and what is the enzyme that gets mutated?

Acute intermittent porphyria (hepatic disease) | Porphobilinogen deaminase

In heme synthesis, what is the second (of two talked about) genetic mutation that can occur and what is the enzyme that gets mutated?

Congenital erythropoetic prophyria (erythrocite disease) | Uroporphyrinogen III synthase

How do you determine if your patient is suffering from one of the heme synthesis diseases?

They will produce an increased amount of the protein before the reaction where the mutation occurs, and will, therefore, produce a decreased amount of heme

What do GLP-1 and CCK get released in response to?

Bolus of food

Where are GLP-1 and CCK synthesized?

Intestine

What do GLP-1 and CCK do?

Cause release of insulin in pancreas and cause brain to feel increased satiety, therefore decreasing food intake and body weight

What does leptin do?

Acts on the brain to either suppress or increase appetite

Which amino acids are only ketogenic?

Leu, Lys (all others are glucogenic or both glucogenic & ketogenic)

What does an increase in leptin expression equal?

Decrease in food intake

How does an increase in leptin expression cause a decrease in food intake?

Inhibits NPY and AgRP | Stimulates POMC-->MSH

What happens when there is decreased leptin expression?

Stimulates an increase in food intake

How does a decrease in leptin expression cause an increase in food intake?

Inhibits POMC--->MSH | Stimulates NPY & AgRP

What do NPY and AgRP activation cause?

Increased food intake

What do POMC---MSH activation cause?

Decreased food intake

What is the name for complex 5 of the ETC?

ATP synthetase

How many H+ ions are required to make 1 ATP (1 turn in the ATPase)?

4 H+ ions

If the electron donor to the ETC is NADH, which complex does it begin with?

Complex 1 (NADH dehydrogenase)

If the electron donor for the ETC is FADH2, which complex does it begin with?

Complex 2

What molecule shuttles electrons from complex 1 or 2 to complex 3?

CoQ 10

What molecule transfers electrons from complex 3 to complex 4?

Cytochrome C

How does NH4 negatively affect the brain?

It causes Glu to be translated to Gln, which requires ATP. This depletes the brains ATP source and is detrimental to brain function

After trypsin is activated, how are all other enzymes activated in the duodenum?

Via trypsin

How does bilirubin become more water soluble?

Converted to bilirubin diglucuronide

How is bilirubin carried to the liver?

In the blood via albumin

What converts heme to biliverdin?

RES

What is the fate of bilirubin diglucuronide?

Excreted into bile-->gut-->converted to urobolinogen

What are the 2 fates for urobolinogen?

1) Reabsorbed in blood, taken to kidney, urinated out | 2) Converted to stercobilin and excreted in feces (contributes to brown color)