Final Study Guide Flashcards
1
Q
A
Transverse
2
Q
A
Frontal/Coronal
3
Q
A
Sagittal
4
Q
Two examples of superior/inferior
A
Head is superior to the chest
Knee is inferior to the shoulder
5
Q
Two examples of Ventral/Dorsal
A
Vertebral column is dorsal to the rib cage
Quadriceps is ventral to the hamstrings
6
Q
Two examples of superficial/deep
A
Epidermis is superficial to dermis
Heart is deep to pectoral muscles
7
Q
Two examples of medial/lateral
A
Nose is medial to eyes
Heart is medical to lungs
8
Q
Two examples of prosimians/distal
A
Elbow is proximal to wrist
Knee is distal to thigh
9
Q
1
A
Olfactory bulb
10
Q
2
A
Olfactory tract
11
Q
3
A
Mineral cell
12
Q
4
A
Glomerulus
13
Q
5
A
Olfactory nerves
14
Q
6
A
Olfactory sensory neurons
15
Q
7
A
Olfactory sensory cilia
16
Q
1
A
Olfactory bulb
17
Q
2
A
Olfactory nerves
18
Q
3
A
Olfactory tract
19
Q
1
A
Sclera
20
Q
2
A
Choroid
21
Q
3
A
Retina
22
Q
4
A
Optic Nerve
23
Q
5
A
Macula/fovea
24
Q
6
A
Lens
25
Unlabeled but pointed to by white line
Pupil
26
1
Auricle
27
2
Ossicles
28
3
Semi-circular canals
29
4
Cochlea
30
5
Vestibulocochlear nerve
31
6
Tympanic membrane
32
7
Auditory Tube
33
8
Auditory Canal
34
1
Humerus
35
2
Olecranon fossa
36
3
Olecranon
37
4
Humeroulnar joint
38
5
Proximal radioulnar joint
39
7
Radius
40
8
Humeroradial joint
41
1
Biceps Brachii
42
2
Brachialis
43
3
Lateral collateral ligaments
44
4
Brachioradialis
45
5
Anconeus
46
6
Triceps brachii
47
List two movements possible at the elbow
1: Pronation/supination
2: Flexion Extension
48
Agonist(s), Antagonist(s), and Synergist(s) of an arm in a flexed (flexion) position
Agonists: Biceps brachii, Brachialis, and Brachioradialis
Antagonists: Triceps Brachii
Synergists: None
49
Agonist(s), Antagonist(s), and Synergists for an arm at an extended (extension) position
Agonists: Triceps brachii
Antagonists: Biceps brachii, Brachialis, Brachioradialis
Synergists: Anconeus
50
What class of lever is shown?
3rd class
51
What class of lever is shown?
2nd class
52
What class of lever is shown?
1st class
53
Label the levers by class
A: 3rd Class
B: 2nd Class
C: 1st Class
54
Label the fulcrum (F), Resistance Force (RF), and the Applied Force (AF)
A: F
B: AF
C: RF
55
Label the fulcrum (F), Resistance Force (RF), and the Applied Force (AF)
A: F
B: RF
C: AF
56
Label the fulcrum (F), Resistance Force (RF), and the Applied Force (AF)
A: RF
B: F
C: AF
57
Label the fulcrum (F), Resistance Force (RF), and the Applied Force (AF)
A: F
B: AF
C: RF
58
Label the fulcrum (F), Resistance Force (RF), and the Applied Force (AF)
A: AF
B: RF
C: F
59
Label the fulcrum (F), Resistance Force (RF), and the Applied Force (AF)
A: AF
B: F
C: RF
60
Describe a fibrous joint
Fixed joint such was a skull sutures or slightly mobile joints connected by interosseus ligaments
61
Describe cartilaginous joints
Composed of fibrocartilage disks such as intervertebral disks or the pubic symphysis, slight movement possible
62
Describe synovial joints
Freely movable joints; ligaments surround joint capsule lined by the synovial membrane which contains synovial fluid; articulated surfaces of bone covered in hyaline cartilage.
63
What are the four classes of biomolecule?
Carbohydrate
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic acids
64
Describe a carbohydrate
Complex or simple sugars; signaling and energy storage functions
65
Describe a protein
Chain of amino acids folded into complex 3D structures; The end product of genes; do the work of the cell
66
Describe lipids
Fats and oils; structural and energy storage functions
67
Describe Nucleic acids
Monomers (ATP) or polymers (DNA, RNA); function in energy storage, signaling, and information storage
68
What is the function of a Phospholipid head?
The head interacts with the inter and extra-cellular fluid
69
What is the function of the phospholipid tail?
Hydrophobic tails interact with the tails of other phospholipids
70
Overall form and function of a phospholipid?
Phospholipids spontaneously form membrane belayers when they are exposed to water. Thus, the form of the phospholipid is suited to great a barrier between the inside and outside of a cell.
71
Compare and contrast Diffusion and osmosis
Diffusion: Occurs when particles move from high concentration areas to areas of low concentration.
Osmosis: Special type of diffusion in that it is specific to WATER moving from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.
72
Define Isotonic
Solute concentration is the same between two compartments
73
Define Hypertonic
Solute concentration is high outside and lower inside
74
Define Hypotonic
Solute concentration is lower outside and higher inside
75
Pathophysiology of Cystic Fibrosis
Mutation in the CFTR protein
Mutation causes chloride channels to be closed
Chloride cannot leave the cell meaning water cannot leave the cell
Water not leaving the cell leads to thicker mucus
Thicker mucus means cilia can not clean airways leading to infections and difficulty breathing.
76
Describe Simple squamous
Single layer of epithelial tissue
Creates a barrier while still allowing for transportation of nutrients
Found in lining of capillaries and air sacs of lungs
77
Describe Stratified squamous
Multiple layers of epithelium tissues.
Found on surfaces prone to abrassion
78
Describe Pseudo-stratified cells
Single layer of epithelium with varying heights and functions
Usually contains cilia
Lines surfaces such as the trachea
79
Describe simple columnar
Single layer of column shaped epithelial tissue
Can be ciliated
Functions in digestive tract and airways
80
1
Keratinocyte
81
2
Melanocyte
82
3
Stratum corneum
83
4
Stratum lucidum
84
5
Stratum granulosum
85
6
Stratum Spinosum
86
7
Stratum Basale
87
8
Dermis
88
9
Epidermis
89
What are the 5 physical components of bone tissue?
1. Fibers
2. Cells
3. Calcium
4. Phosphate
5. Ground Substance
90
What are the 4 cell types in bone tissue?
1. Osteoprogenitors
2. Osteocytes
3. Osteoblasts
4. Osteoclasts
91
What is the function of Osteoprogentors?
Bone stem cells
92
What is the function of osteocytes?
Sense stress and strain on bones and regulates bone matrix remodeling
93
What is the function of osteoblasts?
To build new bone matrix
94
What is the function of osteoclasts?
To breakdown bone matrix
95
1
Z line
96
2
M line (band)
97
3
I band
98
4
H band
99
5
A band
100
6
Sacromere
101
In muscle tissue, which band(s) shorten with contraction?
The H band and I band will shorten with contraction.
102
Steps of excitation contraction, including the cycling of ATP
1. An action potential arrives at the axon terminal of a motor neuron.
2. Voltage-gated calcium channels open and stimulate the release of acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft
3. Acetylcholine is received by L-gated Na+ channels on the muscle fibers, which open and allow Na+ to flow in.
4. Sufficient depolarization of the muscle fiber leads to opening of V-gated Na+ channels in the T-tubules.
5. Action potentials flow down the T-tubules and stimulate the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
6. Calcium binds to troponin.
7. Troponin moves tropomyosin, exposing myosin binding sites on the actin filaments
8. Myosin hydrolyses ATP and binds actin
9. Powerstroke myosin releases ADP and Pi
10. Myosin binds new ATP so that it can release actin
11. Steps 8-10 repeat as long as calcium and ATP are present
103
Define “Motor Unit”
A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates
104
1
Dendrites
Receives neurotransmitters, membrane contains L-gated ion channels
105
2
Soma
Where the nucleus and organelles are
106
3
Axon Hillock
Membrane contained V-gated channels; where an action potential starts
107
4
Axon
Action potential travels down the axon
108
5
Axon terminal
Synapses with another cell, contains vesicles of neurotransmitters
109
What percentage of neuroglia make up the nervous system?
50%
110
Neuroglia cells of the PNS
Schwann cells
Satellite cells
111
Neuroglia of the CNS
Oligodendrocytes
Atrocytes
Ependymal cells
Microglia
112
Function of a Schwann cell
Produce myelin for the PNS
113
Function of satellite cells?
Regulate micro environment of neurons and supply nutrients
114
Function of Oligodendrocytes
Produce Myelin for the CNS
115
Function of astrocytes
Regulate microenvironment of neurons, supply nutrients, and creat blood brain barrier.
116
Function of Ependymal cells
Line ventricles and central canal; produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid
117
Function of Microglia
Immune cells of the CNS
118
Fill in the blank
1
(Nerve) tract; white matter
119
Fill in the blank
2
Nucleus (plural nuclei) Gray matter
120
Fill in the blank
3
Nerve
121
Fill in the blank
4
Ganglion (plural Ganglia)
122
Compare and contrast Concentration gradient and electrochemical gradient
Concentration Gradient is the difference between the concentration of specific particles on the inside and outside of a cell
Electrochemical gradient is the difference in concentration between charged ions inside and outside of a cell
123
The plasma membrane is permeable to what and under what cercomstances
The phospholipid belayer is hydrophobic and therefore readily permeable to small polar molecules such as water and large non-polar molecules. For large polar molecules and ions the precedence of channel proteins, carrier proteins, and transporters are required.
124
Describe and define a resting membrane potential.
A membrane where its excitable cells are at homeostasis.
Charge is usually -70mV
Energy from 1 ATP is used to move 3 Na+ ions out and 2 K+ ions in
Requires energy to maintain resting membrane potential it is not in a state of equilibrium
125
Compare and contrast graded potential and action potential
Graded potential: a change in voltage due to the movement of ions down their electrochemical gradients. They can vary in strength and dissipate over time and space.
Action potential: a change in voltage that do not vary in strength and do not dissipate with time and space
126
Step 1
Membrane is at resting potential
127
Step 2
Local depolarization but not enough to stimulate V-gated ion channels
128
Step 3
At threshold V-gated Na+ channels open and the membrane rapidly depolarizes
129
Step 4
V-gated K+ channels open and K+ channels begin to flow out of the cell
130
Step 5
The inactivation gates of the Na+ channels close, beginning the absolute refractory period. As K+ continues to flow out of the cell the membrane rapidly depolarizes.
131
Step 6
The inactivation gates of the Na+ reopen but the activation gates are now closed. Na+ channels are capable of reopening.
132
Step 7
K+ channels close after hyper-polarization of the membrane
133
Step 8
Resting membrane is re-established
134
Compare and contrast the “absolute refractory period” and “Relative refractory period
Absolute refractory period comes before the refractory period
Absolute refractory period is steps 5-6 and inactivation gates are closed so ABSOLUTELY no possibility for action potential.
Relative refractory period is steps 6-8 and requires a stronger than normal stimuli to reach threshold as compared to being at resting membrane
135
What are two purposes for the absolute refractory period?
1. Allow a membrane to repolarize
2. Prevent an action potential from moving the wrong way down an axon
