Week 12

Question 1

Modality

Answer 1

Photoreceptors

Mechanoreceptors

Chemoreceptors

Thermoreceptors

Nociceptors

Noxious

Question 2

Receptor Potentials

Answer 2

Potentials generated by direct or indirect depolarization of the sensory cell

Question 3

Sensory Coding

Answer 3

Signals received by receptors are coded into signals that the brain can interpret (digital combinatorial)

Question 4

Sensory Adaptation

Answer 4

Sensory receptors become less sensitive in continued presence of stimulus

Question 5

1

Answer 5

Olfactory Tract

Axons of mitral cells that carry olfactory information to the cortex

Question 6

2

Answer 6

Mitral Cell

Question 7

3

Answer 7

Glomerulus

Bundles of synapses between sensory neurons and mitral cells

Question 8

4

Answer 8

Olfactory nerve

Question 9

5

Answer 9

Olfactory sensory neurons

Cilia protrude downwards into nasal cavity; Axons protrude upwards and synapse with mitral cells.

Cilia are covered in chemoreceptor protein GPCRs

Question 10

Transduction

Answer 10

Environmental stimulus becomes something the nervous system can interpret

Question 11

Auricle

Answer 11

Helps direct sounds

Question 12

External Acoustic Meatus

Answer 12

Directs sound waves to tympanic membrane

Question 13

Tympanic membrane

Answer 13

Transfers wound wave to ossicles

Question 14

Auditory ossicles

Answer 14

Three bones that transmit the tympanic membrane to the oval window of the cochlea

Question 15

Oval Window

Answer 15

Transmits sound waves to cochlea

Question 16

Cochlea

Answer 16

Contains hair cells; responds to sound vibrations

Question 17

Round Window

Answer 17

Allows fluid in cochlea to move/vibrate

Question 18

Auditory Tube

Answer 18

Connects with nasal passages

Question 19

Semicircular Canals

Answer 19

Detects angular acceleration

Question 20

Amplitude

Answer 20

Vertical distance between peak and valley sound wave (pressure)

Question 21

Pitch

Answer 21

Perception of the frequency of sound waves in Hz

Question 22

Amplitude

Answer 22

Loud Vs. Soft

Question 23

1

Answer 23

Oval Window

Question 24

2

Answer 24

Cochlea

Question 25

1

Answer 25

Olfactory Tract

Question 26

2

Answer 26

Mitral Cell

Question 27

3

Answer 27

Glomerulus

Question 28

4

Answer 28

Olfactory Nerve

Question 29

5

Answer 29

Olfactory Sensory Neurons

Question 30

GPCRS

Answer 30

G-Protein Coupled Receptors

Question 31

3 Subunits of G-Protein and what do they do?

Answer 31

Alpha, Beta, Gamma; Converts GTP to GDP

Question 32

Olfactory Transduction

Answer 32

Odorant ligand activates odor receptor - GPCR signal transduction - Activation of Aden late cyclase - Increased local levels of cAMP- cAMP-gated channel opens - Olfactory sensory neuron depolarizes

Question 33

Olfactory tract carries signals to various parts of the brain such as …

Answer 33

The olfactory cortex and amygdala

Question 34

Auricle

Answer 34

Helps direct sound waves to tympanic membrane

Question 35

External Acoustic Meatus

Answer 35

Direct sound waves to tympanic membrane

Question 36

Auditory Ossicles

Answer 36

Three bones that transmit the tympanic membrane to the oval window of the cochlea

Question 37

Oval Window

Answer 37

Transmits sound waves to cochlea

Question 38

Round Window

Answer 38

Allows fluid in cochlea to move/vibrate

Question 39

Auditory Tube

Answer 39

Connects with nasal passages

Question 40

Semicircular canals

Answer 40

Detect angular acceleration

Question 41

Amplitude

Answer 41

Vertical distance between peak and valley of a sound wave (pressure)

Question 42

Pitch

Answer 42

Perception of the frequency of sound waves in Hz

Question 43

Middle Ear step 1 to sound wave movement

Answer 43

Sound vibrates the tympanic membrane and moves the malleus

Question 44

Middle Ear step 2 to sound wave movement

Answer 44

The vibration travels through the incus and stapes. Note that the shape and orientations of the three ossicles and adapted to amplify the vibrations.

Question 45

Middle Ear Step 3 sound wave movement

Answer 45

The stapes pushes on the oval window generating waves inside the fluid-filled cochlea that exit through the round window.

Question 46

1

Answer 46

Malleus

Question 47

2

Answer 47

Incus

Question 48

3

Answer 48

Stapes

Question 49

4

Answer 49

Oval Window

Question 50

5

Answer 50

Round Window

Question 51

6

Answer 51

Auditory Tube

Question 52

7

Answer 52

Tympanic Membrane

Question 53

Which of these areas of the brain receives impulses associated with the olfactory sense?

Answer 53

Limbic system

Question 54

The smell receptors use the same activation mechanism as which taste receptors?

Answer 54

Sweet, Bitter, and Umam

Question 55

1

Answer 55

Retina pigment epithelium (RPE)

Question 56

2

Answer 56

Photoreceptor outer and inner segments

Question 57

3

Answer 57

Outer limiting membrane

Question 58

4

Answer 58

Photoreceptor Neuclei

Question 59

5

Answer 59

Photoreceptor synaptic bodies

Question 60

6

Answer 60

Bipolar cell nuclei

Question 61

Why does the RPE need to phagocytoses (“eat”) parts of the photoreceptor outer segments?

Answer 61

because they collect and recycle damaged cellular material and proteins

Question 62

Which features distinguishes the wet form of macular degeneration from the dry?

Answer 62

Blood Vessels and bleeding