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PLS 002A > Final Study Guide > Flashcards

Final Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

When did plants move to land?

A

475-430 million years ago

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2
Q

What is the atmosphere currently composed of?

A

~78% nitrogen
~21% oxygen
~1% argon
>1% CO2

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3
Q

What molecules made up the early atmosphere?

A

CH4, NH4, SO2, CO2, H2S, and H2

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4
Q

How did the relative proportions of molecules in the atmosphere change over time?

A

O2 increased while reducing gases (such as CH4 and NH4) decreased

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5
Q

What is the most significant difference between young dicot and monocot stems?

A

Monocot stems have scattered vascular bundles whereas dicot stems have rings of vascular bundles

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6
Q

What are the two zones of cell division that plants grow from called?

A

Meristem and cambium

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7
Q

What are the four types of meristems?

A

Apical
Plate and marginal
Intercalary
Basal

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8
Q

Secondary growth

A

Growth in width or diameter that gives rise to woody or corky tissues

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9
Q

What are two secondary meristems that give rise to secondary growth?

A

Vascular cambium and cork cambium

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10
Q

Vascular cambium

A

Gives rise to secondary xylem on the inside and phloem on the outside

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11
Q

Cork cambium

A

Gives rise to the periderm (bark)

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12
Q

What are the four types of cells that xylem is made up of?

A

Tracheids, vessels, fibers, and rays

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13
Q

What do tracheids and vessels do?

A

Water transport

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14
Q

How is water transported through the xylem, and what drives its movement?

A

Water is passively transported one-directionally due to evapotranspiration from leaves

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15
Q

Give the order of the system of plant classification

A

Kingdoms, divisions, classes, orders, families, genera, species

The last 3 are most important

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16
Q

What makes phenotype?

A

Genotype x environment = phenotype

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17
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic makeup of an individual

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18
Q

Phenotype

A

The appearance or traits of an individual

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19
Q

Clone

A

Identical genotype, phenotype similar

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20
Q

Line

A

Genotype similar, phenotype similar

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21
Q

What process forms the gametes of an angiosperm?

A

Pollen and ovule (egg) are formed by meiosis; two 1n polar nuclei and one 1n egg.

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22
Q

What are the products of double fertilization?

A

Endosperm and zygote

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23
Q

Primitive flower

A

Radially symmetric

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24
Q

Advanced flower

A

Bilaterally symmetric

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25
Q

What is special about grass flowers?

A

They are advanced flowers with no showy petals since they are wind-pollinated

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26
Q

Fruit

A

A developed ovary of a seed plant with its contents and accessory parts

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27
Q

How does the pH of the vacuole compare to that of the cytosol?

A

The pH inside the vacuole is lower than the pH in the cytosol

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28
Q

Light-driven/dependent reactions

A

Use light energy to drive endergonic (energy-requiring) synthesis of ATP and NADPH

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29
Q

Carbon-linked/light independent reactions

A

Use chemical energy from the light reactions to drive the endergonic (energy-requiring) incorporation of CO2 into carbohydrates

Occur in the stroma

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30
Q

What are the 3 important chemicals in the Calvin cycle?

A

3-PGA (3-phosphogylcerate)
G3P (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate)
RuBP (Ribulose-1,5-biphosphate)

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31
Q

How does the Calvin cycle work?

A

RuBP, CO2, and H2O are used to produce 3-PGA, which is then reduced to form G3P.

For every 3 RuBP molecules, one G3P molecule is produced. Multiple G3P molecules are then synthesized into sucrose.

The rest of the G3P molecules are recycled back into RuBP.

32
Q

What does the regeneration of RuBP require?

A

Energy, in the form of ATP

33
Q

CAM mechanism

A

Temporal separation of CO2 fixation and the Calvin cycle

CO2 is fixed into malate by PEP carboxylase at night.
Malate releases CO2, which is fixed by Rubisco during the day

34
Q

Where does each of the 3 stages in aerobic respiration occur?

A

Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol
The Krebs cycle and ETC happen in mitochondria

35
Q

How much ATP does a sucrose molecule produce?

A

60 ATP

36
Q

Metabolism

A

The biochemical reactions that create molecules

37
Q

Primary metabolites

A

Molecules produced by all plants and that are essential to their growth and survival

These would be things like amino acids, fatty acids, carbs, and nucleotides

38
Q

Secondary metabolism

A

The biochemical reactions that create molecules not necessary for plant survival. These molecules are called secondary metabolites and are often unique to one group of plants

39
Q

What are the 4 primary metabolites?

A

Amino acids
Fatty acids
Carbohydrates
Nucleobases

40
Q

What are the 3 main groups of PNPs?

A

Terpenoids, phenolics, and alkaloids

41
Q

Terpenoids

A

Derived from isoprene (5-carbon unit). Mostly multicyclic C structures with oxygen-containing functional groups

Examples of terpenes are carotenoids and menthol

42
Q

Phenolics

A

Molecules containing phenol groups

Examples: lignin, flavonoids

43
Q

Alkaloids

A

Nitrogen-containing molecules mostly synthesized from amino acids. Usually feeding deterrents and toxic to insects and other animals.

Some examples include cocaine, morphine, caffeine, nicotine

44
Q

What are the 5 traditional plant hormones?

A

Auxin, abscisic acid, gibberellins, cytokinin, and ethylene

45
Q

What are the major functions and uses of auxin?

A

Synthetic auxins are used as herbicides. Auxins can promote rooting, increase fruit set, and prevent pre-harvest fruit drop

46
Q

What are the major functions and uses of gibberellin?

A

Increased malt production by enhancing alpha-amylase production

47
Q

Order of soil horizons

A

OAEBC

48
Q

O horizon

A

The layer above the A horizon comprised of organic matter in varying stages of decomposition

49
Q

E horizon

A

An area that may develop between horizons A and B when there has been significant leaching, leaving a pale layer mostly composed of silicates

50
Q

How is soil TEXTURE determined?

A

By its particle-size distribution

51
Q

How is the timing and amount of water to apply determined?

A

By measuring water loss from the crop or by directly measuring the soil water potential

52
Q

What is the most efficient irrigation method?

A

Drip irrigation

53
Q

Why is water a universal solvent?

A

Because it is a molecule that has a polar charge

54
Q

What is the relationship between Ψw, Ψs, and Ψp?

A

Ψw = Ψs + Ψp
Ψw: water potential
Ψs: solute potential
Ψp: pressure potential/turgor pressure

55
Q

What is the optimal pH range for most soils?

A

pH 5.5 to 7.0; slightly acidic to neutral

56
Q

What are the 6 macronutrients?

A

Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Sulfur

57
Q

Nitrogen (N)

A

A vital component of amino acids and nucleic acids.

The most frequently deficient element in crop production

Too much nitrogen can cause excessive vegetative growth and delay flowering/fruiting

58
Q

Atmospheric nitrogen

A

Not available to plants until it is fixed

59
Q

How does symbiotic N fixation occur?

A

Bacteria associate with plant roots by forming nodules, providing them with nitrogen in exchange for carbohydrates

60
Q

What is one genus of symbiotic bacteria that helps fix nitrogen?

A

Rhizobium

61
Q

What are 5 examples of abiotic stress?

A

Temperature, moisture (water/relative humidity), solar radiation, atmosphere, nutrient availability

62
Q

Reactive oxygen species

A

Highly reactive forms of oxygen that rapidly react with and oxidize a wide variety of cellular components.

They are one of the most common group of toxic molecules

63
Q

How have global CO2 concentrations increased in the last <200 years?

A

They have increased by 50%

64
Q

Pierce’s disease of vines

A

The bacteria Xylella fastidiosa is carried to vines by insect vectors. The bacteria multiply and block the xylem

65
Q

How to control Pierce’s disease of vines

A

Monitor and treat the vector
Remove infected vines
Grow less susceptible varieties

66
Q

How should methods to control pests start off?

A

With preventative cultural methods, only using harsher methods when necessary

67
Q

Cultural and physical/mechanical methods

A

Crop rotation, companion planting, breeding for pest-resistance, mulches, plowing, cover crop, eliminating vectors or reservoirs

68
Q

Nucleotide makeup

A

Nitrogenous base
Sugar
Phosphate group

69
Q

What are the sugars in DNA and RNA?

A

Deoxyribose in DNA
Ribose in RNA

70
Q

How are nucleotides paired?

A

A-T (or U, in RNA)
C-G

71
Q

Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation

A

The most widely-used method for DNA insertion into dicot plants

Limitations: not all plants are susceptible to agrobacterium transfer, and not all agro-susceptible plants can be regenerated from a single cell

72
Q

What was the benefit of Bt corn?

A

Dramatically reduced insecticide use

73
Q

What are methods of modifying plant genomes?

A

Traditional plant breeding, genetic engineering, and genome editing

74
Q

Lignin

A

Cell wall strengthing

75
Q

What pumps into the vacuole?

A

H+ proton

76
Q

What are the antiports

A

Mg^+, hexose, sucrose

PLS 002A (22 decks)

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