Plant Science Midterm 1 Study Guide

Question 1

Early Atmosphere made up of…

Answer 1

CH4, NH4, SO2, CO2, H2S, H2

Question 2

Today’s Atomsphere is made up of

Answer 2

N2(78.08 percent) O2(20.95 percent) Ar (0.93 percent) CO2 (0.035 percent)
Total:99.995 percent

Question 3

Evolution solved practical problems.

Answer 3

Plants moved onto the land

Question 4

Evolutions that were being made for plants

Answer 4

1. Roots = Water 2. Protect from UV radiation: epidermal pigments, ozone layer from O2 3. Minimize water loss: impermeable waxy cuticle. 4. Get CO2, and O2 through impermeable cuticle- guard cells and stomata.
2. Transport water (and nutrients) to distant tissues-vascular system
3. Structural support: Lignin wood
4. Eliminate the need for a water layer for movement of motile sperm: Pollen.
5. Means of moving male gamete: Pollen tube
6. Feed and protect zygote-seed with 3N endosperm

Question 5

Evolution early fern tree forests

Answer 5

390-350 X 10^6 years ago

Question 6

Domination of cone-bearing plants

Answer 6

230-145 x 10^6 years ago

Question 7

Pteridophytes

Answer 7

Ancient spore fern plants

Question 8

Appearance of Flowers

Answer 8

transformed the world in an explosion of color, nectar, scent pollen, and diversity.

Question 9

Age of the Dinosaur and 3/4 plant and animal species lost.

Answer 9

250 to 66 million years ago 65mya

Question 10

Origin of Photosynthesis

Answer 10

Switched from removing electrons from H2S and like compounds (Iron compounds) to obtaining e- from water (photo + lysis) a new PS-PSII

Question 11

Photolysis of water produced very toxic (to the methanogens): Oxygen.

Answer 11

Prokaryotes become organelles through endosymbiosis- still in the oceans (1.5 BYA)

Question 12

Young Dicot Stem

Answer 12

Ring of vascular bundles

Question 13

Young Monocot Stem

Answer 13

Scattered vascular bundles.

Question 14

Vascular cambium

Answer 14

A cylinder of meristematic cells one layer thick

Question 15

Vascular Cambium continued

Answer 15

adds secondary: xylem (=wood) to the inside and secondary phloem on the outside

Question 16

Heart wood

Answer 16

secondary xylem

Question 17

Apical meristems

Answer 17

Occur at the tips of stems (and in buds) and roots.

Question 18

Barley Stem Leaf node

Answer 18

1. Sheath (around the stem) 2. Stem (runs from the bottom to the middle part of the barley 3. Auricles (are Leafs that are surround the barley with a thin look) 4. Blade: the hair of the barley 5. Ligule

Question 19

Dicot leaf

Answer 19

1. Dorsel fin 2. Adaxial or Dorsel surface 3. Abaxial or bottom surface

Question 20

Apomixis

Answer 20

embryo formed without meiosis or fertilization.
1. bypass of meiosis during embryo sac formation
2. development of embryo with no fertilization
3. formation of viable endosperm

Question 21

Reasons for grafting

Answer 21

Propagation, Disease resistance, dwarfing, superior roots, repair wounds, change cultivar, aesthetics.

Question 22

Three pieces to grafting

Answer 22

Scion, Graft Union, Root Stock

Question 23

What makes a successful graft union?

Answer 23

Formation of a continuous vascular connection between the stock and scion is essential.

Question 24

Function of leaf sheath

Answer 24

Intercalary meristem (helps the plant grow vertically: Supports elongation of plant

Question 25

Monoecious

Answer 25

both male and female flowers on one plant

Question 26

Dioecious

Answer 26

Male and Female flowers on different plants

Question 27

Grasses =

Answer 27

spike (sessile flower on one main stem) or panicle (subbranches

Question 28

Tillers

Answer 28

Branches that develop from axillary buds at the lower nodes of a grass

Question 29

Apical dominance

Answer 29

Main/central stem of a plant is stronger and other subbranches are still produced. This happens with corn.

Question 30

Linnaeus

Answer 30

Responsible for developing for Binomial nomenclature, a unique combination of genus and specie (the specific epithet)

Question 31

System of Plant Classification

Answer 31

Kingdom, Divisions, Classes, Orders, Families, Genera, Species

Question 32

What happened 10,000 years ago?

Answer 32

Man domesticated and cultivated cereals and herbaceous. These transitions occurred 10,00--3500 years ago

Question 33

Dicots that make up our food

Answer 33

Dicots make up 21.5 percent of crops: -Potatoes: 8.5 percent - Cassava 4.4 percent - Sweet potatoes 3.6 percent - Soy beans 3.0 percent - Tomatoes 2.0 percent

Question 34

Three types of Ovary placement in relation to the flower

Answer 34

Epigynous: above the ovary Perigynous: Around the ovary Hypogynous: Below the ovary

Question 35

Pollen tubes contain.

Answer 35

a tube nucleus and two generative nuclei

Question 36

How does fertilization occur in Angiosperm?

Answer 36

one generative nuclei fuse with the egg and the second with the two polar nuclei 1. Forms the zygote 2. Forms the nutritive tissue the endosperm.

Question 37

Endosperm in seeds: Dicot

Answer 37

Nourish developing embryo, but is not present in mature dicot seeds.

Question 38

Endosperms: Monocot

Answer 38

Endosperm is present even in the mature seeds of monocot grasses..

Question 39

4 types of fleshy fruit

Answer 39

Simple, Aggregate, multiple fruit, accessory fruit

Question 40

Multiple fruit

Answer 40

Is formed from many individual flowers in an inflorescence.

Question 41

Reason for asexual reproduction

Answer 41

To maintain a chimaera (e.g. variegation-one organism with two cells of two genotypes. - More seeds are produced - Too much variation -Grifting to produce unique combination -Shortens generation time in plant breeding

Question 42

Line

Answer 42

Genotype similar (identical in selected genes so in breeding program) Phenotype similar (depends on environment)

Question 43

Steps in seed germination

Answer 43

1. Imbibe water and swells (rupture seed coat) Metabolism increases (Enzymes become active, protein synthesis) 2. Radicle emerges first to absorb water (why does it need water?) Hypogeal: cotyledon remains below ground (pea; monocots) Epigeal: cotyledons emerge above ground

Question 44

Temperature

Answer 44

Some temps are used to initiate flower development (i.e., vernalization)

Question 45

Chilling requirement

Answer 45

Some plants also need cold temperatures to induce bud break in Spring the breaking of dormancy.

Question 46

What is good about variability in reproduction

Answer 46

It is essential for evolution (survival of fittest)

Question 47

Mitosis

Answer 47

1. Centromeres are duplicated 2. Lining up individual Centromeres 3. One cell divides into two cells

Question 48

Meiosis

Answer 48

Same, but lining up of paired centromer. 2. Migrate to opposite poles. 3. Line up individual centromeres. 4. Two cell divisions and four cells are produced.

Question 49

Reason why diploid is dominant phase in angiosperms.

Answer 49

Because it holds more back up information in polyploids

Question 50

Short Day Plants

Answer 50

Plants that flower when the day length is less than a critical length. If they are exposed to day lengths in excess of this critical length

Question 51

Long Day Plants

Answer 51

Plants that flower when the day length is greater than a certain critical length.

Question 52

Day neutral plants

Answer 52

Plants flower in all possible photoperiods ranging from a few hours to 24 hours of light.

Question 53

Material is transported through a cell by ...

Answer 53

diffusion, protoplasmic streaming, and by mass flow

Question 54

Fick's first law of diffusion (1855)

Answer 54

The movement of energy or material across a barrier is proportional to the Concentration gradient, and the Area for Diffusion, and inversely proportional to the Resistance to the diffusion caused by the thickness of the barrier and it's inherited resistance to the diffusing substance.