Final stuff i need to know Flashcards
(93 cards)
origin of boundaries5
- Antecedent: existed before the cultural landscape emerged (e.g., Malaysia/Indonesia)
- Subsequent: developed during the evolution of the cultural landscape (e.g., US/Mexico)
- Superimposed: placed by powerful outsiders on a developed landscape, usually ignores pre-existing cultural-spatial patterns (e.g., Indonesia/Papua New Guinea; Haiti/Dominican Republic)
- Relict: has ceased to function, but its imprint can still be detected on the cultural landscape (e.g., North/South Vietnam, East/West Berlin)
- consequent: which is a border drawn to accommodate existing cultural differences (Northern Ireland and Ireland)
4 Asian Tigers
NICs: Hong Kong Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan. The tigers were able to rise up to their new status due to government efforts to protect developing industry, government investment in education and training, as well as a shift of labor-intensive industries to areas with lower labor costs.
5 major and 1 other religions and where(6)
- christianity is the most widespread religion, with adherents in Europe, the Americas, and Sub saharan Africa.
- Hindus (hearth pakistan) migrated east toward the Ganges river. vast majority of adherents in South Asia or Bali.
- Judaism members moved to Europe, Then, in the 1930s, many Jews were forced to leave Europe due to the fascist Nazi regime. Many moved to North and South America. now are going back to the hearth of Israel.
- Islam diffused rapidly from its hearth in Mecca via conquest throughout North Africa and Asia, where it has most of its followers. It also has a strong following in Sub Saharan Africa, and increasingly in the United States and Western Europe.
- Buddhism is an offshoot of Hinduism and followers are mostly found in Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, Nepal, Tibet, and Korea.
- Indigenous religions, which may be animistic, polytheistic, or monotheistic, are still found in parts of sub Saharan Africa and inland South America but many have disappeared due to the diffusion of universalizing religions such as Christianity or Islam
acculturation vs assimilation vs multiculturalism2
- acculturation, is when the minority culture is changed by the majority but still retains many of its cultural characteristics.
- Assimilation happens when a minority culture is absorbed by a majority culture, and is greatly changed, losing many of its cultural traits
- Multiculturalism, the third possibility, is when many different cultures are present and coexist in a society.
Albers Conic projection2
- low levels of distortion
- looks like flat cone or semicircle
animal and plant domestication2
- first domesticated animals are said to have been dogs and cats and for agricultural purposes goats, pigs, sheep, and cattle. begun over 10,000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent, then diffused throughout the Mediterranean Basin
- first plant domestication:root crop cultivation, 14,000 years ago in South/Southeast Asia. Farmers began cultivating the roots of tubers such as cassava, yams, and sweet potatoes. then seed crop cultivation in the Nile River Valley of North Africa, Mesoamerica, and the Fertile Crescent. Farmers produced plants like wheat, barley, and maize by cultivating their seeds, marking the beginning of the First Agricultural Revolution
arithmetic, physiological, agricultural density
- Arithmetic density is the total number of people divided by the total land area and is commonly used to compare the distribution of population in different countries.
- Physiological density is the number of people per unit of area of arable land (land suitable for agriculture). A high physiological density may mean that a country has difficulty growing enough food for its population
- Agricultural density is the ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of arable land (land suitable for agriculture)
basque
Isolated language. Only spoken in Europe that survives from the period before the arrival of Indo-European speakers. Has no common link to modern languages. Was probably once spoken over a wider area but was abandoned where its speakers came in contact with Indo-European. Spoken by 1 million people in the Pyrenees Mts. of Northern Spain and southwestern France. Isolation helped Basque people to preserve their language in the face of the wide diffusion of Indo-European languages
berlin conference
A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa
biggest language family and subgroups2
- Indo-European language is noticeably dominant in many areas of the world. This is mainly because of Europe’s colonization on the many parts of the world
- Romance languages, Germanic languages, and Slavic languages
borcherts epochs5
- The Sail Wagon Epoch caused cities to grow near ports and major waterways. (1790-1830)
- The Iron Horse Epoch catalyzed the development of steamboats and regional railroad networks. (1830-70)
- The Steel Rail Epoch resulted in a national railroad network. (1870-1920)
- The Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch was the beginning of the use of the gas combustion engine, and people were able to cover long distances using cars and planes. (1920-70)
- High Technology Epoch is the expansion or service and information sectors of the economy(1970-today )
border disputes4
- definitional:dispute over the legal definitions of the borders, (e.g. median line of a river: water levels may vary)
- locational: how a change in a border is addressed,
- operational: how the ease of passage changes ((migration, smuggling) (e.g., US/Mexico)
- allocational: the division of a resource that lies on two sides (gas, oil, water) (e.g., Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait, in part, due to a dispute over oil rights regarding the Ramallah oil field (mostly in Iraq but straddling into Kuwait)
brain drain
The emigration of highly educated workers from developing countries to developed countries
BRIC
Brazil, Russia, India, and China are the four fast-growing markets that represent important opportunities.
burgess model
NA city, 5 concentric zones: In the center was the Central Business District, followed by the zone of transition (2nd zone) which consists of residential deterioration and the encroachment by business and light manufacturing. The 3rd zone consists of independent workers’ homes, the 4th zone of middle-class residencies, and zone 5 consisting of the suburban ring
chemical and mechanical farming2
- Chemical farming: Using chemicals to keep the plants healthy and growing, such as herbicides and pesticides. Also the high-yield seeds are designed to be resistant to those chemicals.
- Mechanized farming: Using tech like planters and harvesters to spend less time working the land and allowing the work to be done by fewer people.
choropleth map
shows different shades, symbols, and colors to represent the differences between places.
complementarily
when two regions, through trade, can specifically satisfy each other’s demands
constitutive vs declarative state theory2
- The constitutive theory of statehood says that a state may only be defined as such if recognized by other sovereign states
- declarative theory of statehood states that an entity’s statehood is independent from recognition by other states
defs and examples of nations, states, nation-states, stateless nations, multination states, multistate nations, and autonomous region7
- nation: people with a shared past and common future who relate to a territory and government. (Chinese-Americans)
- state:politically organized territory that is administered by a sovereign government and is recognized by the international community, with with a defined population, territory and government (USA, Australia, Austria, etc.).
- nation-state:politically organized area nation and state that occupy the same place (e.g. Japan, North and South Korea, Slovenia, Iceland).
- stateless nation: culture group is not included or allowed share in the state political process (e.g. Palestinians and Kurds).
- multination state: state has several nations within the borders (e.g. Russia, Canada, Belgium, China, Spain).
- multistate nation: nation stretches across the borders of several states (e.g. Hungary).
- autonomous region: region with a degree of autonomy, from an external authority. It is usual for autonomous regions to be distant from the country or be populated by a national minority (e.g. Tibet is autonomous region of China)
demographic momentum
Demographic momentum (hidden momentum) is the tendency for a population to continue growing after the TFR has reached replacement level. The high % of younger people (base) of a country’s population will lead to a large number of births as these generations grow older and have children, still outnumbering the deaths of the oldest generations at the top of the population pyramid. (India)
diffusion folk and popular culture2
- folk culture is typically limited and slow, and often the product of relocation diffusion. (localized producers)
- Popular culture is where the producers are not also the consumers and the producers are dispersed, also on a global scale. With popular culture the diffusion is often extensive, rapid, and expanded
DTM5
- The first stage is characterized by high birth rates and equally high death rates
- The second stage, decreasing death rates coupled with high birth rates, lead to a high rate of natural increase and population explosion
- the third stage, in which birth rates began decreasing
- in the 4th stage, birth and death rates finally converge, again checking each other and returning population growth to “low” or “zero.”
- A 5th stage has emerged in a few First World countries (e.g. Japan) as death rates rise above birth rates and result in negative population growth
Eat-local movement
The collaborative effort to build more locally based, self reliant food economies - one in which sustainable food production, processing, distribution, and consumption is integrated to enhance the economic, environmental and social health of particular place. LESS FOSSIL FUEL USd for transportation