Final stuff i need to know Flashcards
(93 cards)
1
Q
origin of boundaries5
A
- Antecedent: existed before the cultural landscape emerged (e.g., Malaysia/Indonesia)
- Subsequent: developed during the evolution of the cultural landscape (e.g., US/Mexico)
- Superimposed: placed by powerful outsiders on a developed landscape, usually ignores pre-existing cultural-spatial patterns (e.g., Indonesia/Papua New Guinea; Haiti/Dominican Republic)
- Relict: has ceased to function, but its imprint can still be detected on the cultural landscape (e.g., North/South Vietnam, East/West Berlin)
- consequent: which is a border drawn to accommodate existing cultural differences (Northern Ireland and Ireland)
2
Q
4 Asian Tigers
A
NICs: Hong Kong Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan. The tigers were able to rise up to their new status due to government efforts to protect developing industry, government investment in education and training, as well as a shift of labor-intensive industries to areas with lower labor costs.
3
Q
5 major and 1 other religions and where(6)
A
- christianity is the most widespread religion, with adherents in Europe, the Americas, and Sub saharan Africa.
- Hindus (hearth pakistan) migrated east toward the Ganges river. vast majority of adherents in South Asia or Bali.
- Judaism members moved to Europe, Then, in the 1930s, many Jews were forced to leave Europe due to the fascist Nazi regime. Many moved to North and South America. now are going back to the hearth of Israel.
- Islam diffused rapidly from its hearth in Mecca via conquest throughout North Africa and Asia, where it has most of its followers. It also has a strong following in Sub Saharan Africa, and increasingly in the United States and Western Europe.
- Buddhism is an offshoot of Hinduism and followers are mostly found in Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, Nepal, Tibet, and Korea.
- Indigenous religions, which may be animistic, polytheistic, or monotheistic, are still found in parts of sub Saharan Africa and inland South America but many have disappeared due to the diffusion of universalizing religions such as Christianity or Islam
4
Q
acculturation vs assimilation vs multiculturalism2
A
- acculturation, is when the minority culture is changed by the majority but still retains many of its cultural characteristics.
- Assimilation happens when a minority culture is absorbed by a majority culture, and is greatly changed, losing many of its cultural traits
- Multiculturalism, the third possibility, is when many different cultures are present and coexist in a society.
5
Q
Albers Conic projection2
A
- low levels of distortion
- looks like flat cone or semicircle
6
Q
animal and plant domestication2
A
- first domesticated animals are said to have been dogs and cats and for agricultural purposes goats, pigs, sheep, and cattle. begun over 10,000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent, then diffused throughout the Mediterranean Basin
- first plant domestication:root crop cultivation, 14,000 years ago in South/Southeast Asia. Farmers began cultivating the roots of tubers such as cassava, yams, and sweet potatoes. then seed crop cultivation in the Nile River Valley of North Africa, Mesoamerica, and the Fertile Crescent. Farmers produced plants like wheat, barley, and maize by cultivating their seeds, marking the beginning of the First Agricultural Revolution
7
Q
arithmetic, physiological, agricultural density
A
- Arithmetic density is the total number of people divided by the total land area and is commonly used to compare the distribution of population in different countries.
- Physiological density is the number of people per unit of area of arable land (land suitable for agriculture). A high physiological density may mean that a country has difficulty growing enough food for its population
- Agricultural density is the ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of arable land (land suitable for agriculture)
8
Q
basque
A
Isolated language. Only spoken in Europe that survives from the period before the arrival of Indo-European speakers. Has no common link to modern languages. Was probably once spoken over a wider area but was abandoned where its speakers came in contact with Indo-European. Spoken by 1 million people in the Pyrenees Mts. of Northern Spain and southwestern France. Isolation helped Basque people to preserve their language in the face of the wide diffusion of Indo-European languages
9
Q
berlin conference
A
A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa
10
Q
biggest language family and subgroups2
A
- Indo-European language is noticeably dominant in many areas of the world. This is mainly because of Europe’s colonization on the many parts of the world
- Romance languages, Germanic languages, and Slavic languages
11
Q
borcherts epochs5
A
- The Sail Wagon Epoch caused cities to grow near ports and major waterways. (1790-1830)
- The Iron Horse Epoch catalyzed the development of steamboats and regional railroad networks. (1830-70)
- The Steel Rail Epoch resulted in a national railroad network. (1870-1920)
- The Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch was the beginning of the use of the gas combustion engine, and people were able to cover long distances using cars and planes. (1920-70)
- High Technology Epoch is the expansion or service and information sectors of the economy(1970-today )
12
Q
border disputes4
A
- definitional:dispute over the legal definitions of the borders, (e.g. median line of a river: water levels may vary)
- locational: how a change in a border is addressed,
- operational: how the ease of passage changes ((migration, smuggling) (e.g., US/Mexico)
- allocational: the division of a resource that lies on two sides (gas, oil, water) (e.g., Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait, in part, due to a dispute over oil rights regarding the Ramallah oil field (mostly in Iraq but straddling into Kuwait)
13
Q
brain drain
A
The emigration of highly educated workers from developing countries to developed countries
14
Q
BRIC
A
Brazil, Russia, India, and China are the four fast-growing markets that represent important opportunities.
15
Q
burgess model
A
NA city, 5 concentric zones: In the center was the Central Business District, followed by the zone of transition (2nd zone) which consists of residential deterioration and the encroachment by business and light manufacturing. The 3rd zone consists of independent workers’ homes, the 4th zone of middle-class residencies, and zone 5 consisting of the suburban ring
16
Q
chemical and mechanical farming2
A
- Chemical farming: Using chemicals to keep the plants healthy and growing, such as herbicides and pesticides. Also the high-yield seeds are designed to be resistant to those chemicals.
- Mechanized farming: Using tech like planters and harvesters to spend less time working the land and allowing the work to be done by fewer people.
17
Q
choropleth map
A
shows different shades, symbols, and colors to represent the differences between places.
18
Q
complementarily
A
when two regions, through trade, can specifically satisfy each other’s demands
19
Q
constitutive vs declarative state theory2
A
- The constitutive theory of statehood says that a state may only be defined as such if recognized by other sovereign states
- declarative theory of statehood states that an entity’s statehood is independent from recognition by other states
20
Q
defs and examples of nations, states, nation-states, stateless nations, multination states, multistate nations, and autonomous region7
A
- nation: people with a shared past and common future who relate to a territory and government. (Chinese-Americans)
- state:politically organized territory that is administered by a sovereign government and is recognized by the international community, with with a defined population, territory and government (USA, Australia, Austria, etc.).
- nation-state:politically organized area nation and state that occupy the same place (e.g. Japan, North and South Korea, Slovenia, Iceland).
- stateless nation: culture group is not included or allowed share in the state political process (e.g. Palestinians and Kurds).
- multination state: state has several nations within the borders (e.g. Russia, Canada, Belgium, China, Spain).
- multistate nation: nation stretches across the borders of several states (e.g. Hungary).
- autonomous region: region with a degree of autonomy, from an external authority. It is usual for autonomous regions to be distant from the country or be populated by a national minority (e.g. Tibet is autonomous region of China)
21
Q
demographic momentum
A
Demographic momentum (hidden momentum) is the tendency for a population to continue growing after the TFR has reached replacement level. The high % of younger people (base) of a country’s population will lead to a large number of births as these generations grow older and have children, still outnumbering the deaths of the oldest generations at the top of the population pyramid. (India)
22
Q
diffusion folk and popular culture2
A
- folk culture is typically limited and slow, and often the product of relocation diffusion. (localized producers)
- Popular culture is where the producers are not also the consumers and the producers are dispersed, also on a global scale. With popular culture the diffusion is often extensive, rapid, and expanded
23
Q
DTM5
A
- The first stage is characterized by high birth rates and equally high death rates
- The second stage, decreasing death rates coupled with high birth rates, lead to a high rate of natural increase and population explosion
- the third stage, in which birth rates began decreasing
- in the 4th stage, birth and death rates finally converge, again checking each other and returning population growth to “low” or “zero.”
- A 5th stage has emerged in a few First World countries (e.g. Japan) as death rates rise above birth rates and result in negative population growth
24
Q
Eat-local movement
A
The collaborative effort to build more locally based, self reliant food economies - one in which sustainable food production, processing, distribution, and consumption is integrated to enhance the economic, environmental and social health of particular place. LESS FOSSIL FUEL USd for transportation
25
ecotourism4
- Ecotourism is a form of tourism that is pursued by ecologically concerned people who travel to regions with pristine ecosystems to inflict no environmental damage. (Costa Rica, Amazon River, Kenya)
- agritourism allows tourist to go to the rural areas and explore agriculture first hand,
- community development allows tourist to experience cultural and economic realities of life in these countries,
- eco lodging, where tourist stay in lodges built with minimum impact on the environment and uses alternative energy and careful waste disposal
26
effects of increasing women education and jobs3
- Patterns of fertility: If a woman is better educated about their reproductive rights, they will make better reproductive choices and chose better contraceptive methods
- With better education on reproduction, contraception, and improved health care, fewer women die from STDs and childbirth
- Patterns of migration: In recent years the number of women migrating has been increasing at a higher rate than those of men migrating,
27
epidemiological transition model5
- Stage 1 is the stage of pestilence and famine, with epidemics, such as the Bubonic Plague, as principal causes of death that naturally checked the high birth rates with equally high death rates.
- The second stage is the stage of receding pandemics, in which innovations from the Industrial Revolution (e.g. improved sanitation, water and sewer systems) improved health conditions and reduced the spread of disease
- Stage 3 deals with human-created disease; as deaths due to infectious disease decrease, deaths due to degenerative diseases increased.
- the final stage: delayed degenerative diseases continue to be causes of death and again become natural “checks” on low birth rates. Additionally, we begin to see strains of emerging infectious diseases that are resilient to modern medicine (e.g. Ebola).
- 5th stage (predicted), in which these resilient infectious diseases will cause high death rates, increasing the likelihood of epidemics seen in the first two stages
28
ethnocentrism
belief in superiority of one's own ethnic group
29
evolution of boundaries4
- Definition: legal document or treaty drawn up to specify actual points in the landscape
- Delimitation: cartographers put the boundary on the map
- Demarcation: boundary is actually marked on the ground w/ wall, fence, posts,… (too expensive or impractical for most borders to be demarcated)
- administration: how a boundary will be maintained and how goods and people can cross the boundary with the control of the government.
30
extensive farming3
- Pastoral nomadism involves the seasonal movement of animal herds from winter to summer pastures, following an annual cycle
- Shifting cultivation is found in tropical areas where farmers use a large plot of land to grow wild vegetation and abandoned them once the soil grew infertile. (s America africa and se asia)
- Ranching is an agricultural activity that involves the raising of cattle for the production of meat and other byproducts. Ranching is located in semi-arid climates like the American West
31
factors that influence fertility (social, cultural, political, economic)4
- Social factors like education and health care affect these rates.
- Religion and women's status in certain places are cultural factors
- government would have a push for a higher TFR to increase the population growth, or governments like China would enforce a one child policy to slow population leading to low TFR
- Economic factors such as child cost and income
32
feudal city
Cities that arose during the Middle Ages and that actually represent a time of relative stagnation in urban growth. This system fostered a dependent relationship between wealthy landowners and peasants who worked their land, providing very little alternative economic opportunities.
33
food choice issues3
- Organic Farming: type of agriculture that avoids the use of herbicides, pesticides, growth hormones, and similar synthetic products.
- Value added specialty crops: When the crop/product is processed on the farm and significantly increases in value and more money goes to the farmer. Some examples of these are wine, specialty cheeses, olive oil and nut oils, fruit and tree syrups, and smoked and dried meats.
- Fair Trade: The aim of fair trade is to raise the income of certified producers by reducing the number of actors in the supply chain.
34
food taboos3
- Hebrews in Eastern Mediterranean: Animals without cloven feet because concerns for environment
- Muslims in Arabian peninsula: Pork because pigs compete with humans for food & water without offering any benefits
- hindus in india:Cow because they pull plows & are needed for agricultural work
35
gender measurements
- GDI (gender development index): gender- related development index and it compares the level of development of women with that of both sexes. (Saudi Arabia has high inequality between men and women)
- GEM/GEI (gender empowerment measure/index): Compares the ability of women and men to participate in economic and political decision making.
36
GIS
Geographic information system (GIS) - GIS is a digital representation of the environment that combines spatial layers and social patterns.
37
Goode homolosine projection2
-Relatively proportional; inaccurate longitude and latitude.
Interrupted form allows for more proportional.
-looks like cut up circle, or M with extra leg
38
gravity model2
- The gravity model is a mathematical prediction of the interaction of places, the interaction being a function of population size of the respective places and the distance between them
- interaction is proportional to the multiplication of the two populations divided by the distance between them
39
greenbelt
Greenbelts are areas that cannot be built in and are meant to be places for wildlife to flourish
40
heartland, rimland, organic theory3
- heartland theory: Halford Mackinder, whoever controlled Eastern Europe (the Heartland/Pivot Area) could control the world. The World Island (Europe, Asia, Africa) had enough resources and agriculture to create an unstoppable military. used in WWII when soviet union pushed east to try to gain power.
- rimland theory: Nicholas Spykman believed that whoever controlled the “Rimland,” the coastal edges of Eurasia, would control the world. used in Cold War by Communist russia
- organic theory:Friedrich Ratzel, states are compared to living organisms. In order for an organism to sustain themselves, they needs nourishment. countries need nourishment in the form of physical territory. If a country cannot obtain territory, it collapses.
41
intensive farming4
- Intensive subsistence agriculture involves growing crops on a small plot of land using a large amount of labor inputs, usually in the form of human, animal or machinery.(rice paddies)
- Market gardening is a small scale form of agriculture in which fruits, vegetables and flowers are grown and sold as cash crops directly to local consumers. (MDC)
- Plantation agriculture is found in tropical and subtropical areas, often LDC’s. These areas are large, labor intensive and practice monoculture/luxury crops (Brazil, Ethiopia, Kenya, India, Mexico, Thailand)
- Mixed farming is a common practice in subsistence agriculture and is the act of keeping both livestock and crops on your farm
42
intertillage
In shifting cultivation, spreads out production over the farming season by planting different crops in the same field to shield smaller crops with big crops from rain (SE asia)
43
irredentism
the position that a state should be annexed (added) because of ethnicity of prior historical possession.
Ex. Cyprus, Turkey claims it because throughout most history a Turkish state has controlled the island, but the now independent former British colony half of Cyprus claims the Turkish part of the Island because of a cultural and ethnic difference from the Turkish.
44
kurds
largest stateless nation, they are between turkey, syria, iraq,iran, and armenia
45
kurgan vs anatolian hypothesis2
- Kurgan: The Proto-Indo-European language diffused from modern day Ukraine through conquest.
- anatolian:The Proto-Indo-European language peacefully spread through the innovation of agriculture.
46
laws of sea4
- EEZs (Exclusive Economic Zones) allow states exclusive economic rights given within a 200 nautical mile radius for development and resources
- -Territorial sea: states’ navigational and economic sovereign territory extending 12 nautical miles (1 nautical mile = 1.15 statute miles) from the coast (since 1982); foreign ships (both military and civilian) are allowed innocent passage through it; sovereignty also extends to the airspace over and seabed below.
- high seas: ocean outside EEZ
- median line principle: where there is less than 400 nautical miles between states, creating boundaries at the mid-point between two places.
47
major population concentrations4
- East Asia: China, Japan, North and South Korea(clustered near rivers; majority of people are farmers)
- South Asia: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, majority are farmers as well.
- Europe: Britain to Russia, including Germany, Poland, Ukraine, Belarus, Netherlands, Belgium, parts of France, northern Italy (follow Europe’s coal deposits, not fertile river valleys)
- North America ; east-central US and southeastern Canada. Like Europe, much is concentrated in major cities.
48
Measures of social and economic development7
- The Gross National Income (GNI) per capita is the monetary worth of what is produced in a country (formal economy) per person and is used by many economists to show the economic development of each country.
- sectoral structure of an economy shows what percent of workers work in each sector of jobs. A country with many people working in the primary and secondary sectors is usually in the periphery.
- Countries with large income distributions, the divide between the rich and poor, are usually in the periphery while countries with lower income distributions tend to be in the core
- Countries with high fertility rates tend to be in the periphery because children are considered assets in farming families, which many families in the periphery are, due to the fact that they can help out on the farm.
- Countries with high infant mortality rates are usually in the periphery because of the lack of modern medicine to help infants survive past age five.
- Countries with more access to health care are in the core because someone needs to pay for health care, either the government paying for its people’s health care or the people buying their own health care, and with people having more money in the core, more people have access to health care.
- Literacy rates show development because of the correlation between core countries having high literacy rate and periphery countries having lower literacy rates
49
mercator projection4
- Distance and size of places distorted near poles.
- Split the world through the Pacific Ocean, making Japan look farther away from the US than it actually is.
- Used for sea navigation because of its accurate showing of shape and direction. (straight line is line of constant compass bearing)
- looks like plain rectangle with large greenland/antartica
50
microloans
Microloans are small loans of a few hundred dollars-not much, but enough to start a productive business in a rural village in a third world country. With the capital from the microloan, a woman can become richer and able to increase her standard of living and give herself more control over her economic future
51
most oil production9
Russia, US, Saudi Arabia, China, Kazakhstan, Brazil, Iran, Iraq, Venezuela
52
municipality
A city, town, or other district possessing corporate existence and usually its own local government. It is a subnational political unit
53
natural checks
Natural “checks,” such as plagues (e.g. Black Plague) and famine, due to war and crop failure
54
network cities
Evolve when two or more cities create communications and transportations corridors between them to facilitate complementary functional relationships. Examples include the combination of Kobe, Kyoto, and Osaka to compete economically with Tokyo.
55
NIR
Rates of natural increase is the crude birth rate (1000 ppl) minus the crude death rate (1000 ppl), if this number is positive the nation’s population is growing, and if it is negative the nation is declining.
56
outsourcing and economic restructuring2
- Outsourcing is giving or receiving goods or services from outside/foreign suppliers. An example of outsourcing would be how manufacturing jobs for toys have moved from factories in the U.S.A to China and India, in exchange for the cheaper and quicker labor
- Economic restructuring refers to the common trend of urban areas in the West, changing from a processing base to a service sector economic base. An example of economic restructuring would be in Detroit. Detroit used to have the best/ most plentiful processing jobs in the U.S, but as these jobs started to leave searching for cheaper labor, so did the workers, and the common population began to spiral down.
57
peace of westphalia
Peace negotiated in 1648 to end the Thirty Years' War, Europe's most destructive internal struggle over religion. The treaties contained new language recognizing statehood and nationhood, clearly defined borders, and guarantees of security
58
polar projection4
- Distortion near the polar regions.
- Scale and area distortion
- A much more accurate map for distance; shows how close the U.S. and Japan actually are, unlike maps that split the Pacific.
- looks like circle with birds eye view from north pole
59
Pro/anti natalist2
- Pronatalist Policies: pronatalist policies promote population growth in a country. (denmark)
- Antinatalist Policies: antinatalist policies in a country discourage or restrict population growth (china)
60
reference map
maps show locations of places and geographic features. Reference maps aim to show the absolute location, or coordinates, of a particular phenomenon
61
Religious Sects5 and where
- A religious sect is a subgroup of a religion that breaks away from the larger, established religious denomination.
- Christianity: Roman catholic (C/S America, Western Europe parts of s Africa, Philippines), Protestant (Anglo America, Northern Europe, S africa, Oceana), Eastern orthodox (Eastern Europe)
- Islam: Sunni (North Africa, Middle East, South Asia-n/s india, Indonesia), Shia (Iran),
- Buddhism: Vajrayana(west China), Thereavada(thailand/sri lanka), Shintoism(japan)Mahayana(east china)
- Hinduism: no sects, central India
62
remote sensing
Remote sensing - Remote sensing is data collected by satellites. It is used to show change over time
63
robinson projection4
- Slightly distorted at high latitudes.
- Split the world through the Pacific Ocean, making Japan look farther away from the US than it actually is
- Used by National Geographic until 1998
- looks like super fat oval with tiny greenland/antartica
64
rostow model5
- The traditional society would have subsistent agriculture as their focus on the economy. The country would have a low global status.
- preconditions to takeoff, a country would begin manufacturing and begin looking at their international status.
- At takeoff, a country would go through some intensive growth and the workers work in an industry since industrialization begins occurring.
- drive to maturity takes place over the longest time with the standard of living rising and national economy growing.
- high mass consumption is when a country in doing extremely well in a capitalist system with now mass production and consumption.
65
s/ j curves2
-J-curve: This is when the projection population show exponential growth; sometimes shape as a j-curve. This is important because if the population grows exponential our resource use will go up exponential and so will our use as well as a greater demand for food and more.
-S-curve- traces the cyclical movement upwards and downwards in a graph. So named for its shape as the letter "s"
Relates to growth and decline in the natural increase.
66
satellite navigation systems
Satellite navigation systems (example: GPS) - These are systems that use satellites to help navigation. The most common example would be a Global Positioning System (GPS). They use satellites to determine the absolute location of places and geographic features.
67
self sufficiency vs dependency approach to development2
- The self sufficiency approach states that a country can develop without outside help from other nations: the main goals are to reduce poverty and evenly distribute investments among industries (china)
- The Dependency Approach for Development, also known as the Dependency Theory, holds that political and economic relationships between countries, typically ex-colonial powers and their former colonies, limit the economic and political potentials and capabilities of poorer areas (Africa)
68
stimulus diffusion
Stimulus diffusion is when certain things (ideas, values, innovations, etc) from a certain culture go through an adaptation when it is introduced to another culture.
69
subdivisions in unitary vs federal states
unitary:
-Subdivisions exercise power delegated by the central government
-Some subdivisions are delegated autonomous devolved powers that allow them to enact laws that alter or prevent devolution (Scotland, Wales, North Ireland- subdivisions of UK)
-Other subdivisions have no autonomy and do not have the power to decide their own laws
Federal States:
-Influence over local laws and regulation
-Control over funds for the region
-Provide services to the local area
-Accommodate culturally relative policies
70
tar sands
layers of rock or sand that contain oil
71
thematic map
maps that tell stories, and typically show the degree of some attribute or the movement of a geographic phenomenon
72
top languages where3
- Indo european: N/S America, Europe (Except hungary and finland), East Russia, Iran to North India, South Africa, Austrialia
- Afro asiatic: (followed islam) North Africa and saudia arabia
- sino tibetan: china and thailand
73
trading bloc
A trading bloc is a type of intergovernmental agreement, sometimes involving supranational organizations, where barriers to trade are decreased or possibly eliminated among the participating states.
74
unitary and federal states2
-Unitary States: highly centralized government, capital city serves as focus of power, Administrative framework ensures central government’s authority over all parts of the state, Lack of accommodation to minorities or outlying regions where identification with the state is weaker
(UK)
-Federal States -(US, Switzerland, Australia) Used to govern multinational states through organizing state territory into regions, sub states, provinces, or cantons.
Strong federal governments have regions with significant influence over government policies and funds
Weaker federal governments leave the central government with most of the power
Accommodates regional interests by vesting primary powers (especially culturally relative powers) to state and substate governments
75
where are agriculture located5
- livestock raising is common in semi-arid and savanna climate zones (dry, expansive land to raise livestock).
- Crop farming and commercial grain farming are found in places that receive higher rainfall (water to nourish the crops).
- Dairy production generally occurs where climates are cooler (temperature ensures the quality of milk).
- Shifting agriculture typically occurs in rainforests, where there is an abundance of fertile soil and space.
- Pastoral nomadism is typically practiced in regions with little arable land.
76
winkle triple projection4
-Lines of latitude are slightly curved and non-parallel.
-Split the world through the Pacific Ocean, making Japan look farther away from the US than it actually is.
Used by National Geographic
-Minimizes distortion in size, direction, & distance.
-looks like robinson but skinnier oval
77
world agriculture where12
1. dairying: Northeast US, Northern Europe
2. fruit/truck/specialized crops: Eastern US Coast, spots along coasts of mediterranean
3. mixed crop and livestock: SE/MW US, W Europe
4. Commercial grain farming: NW/MW US, parts of E Europe
5. Subsistence farming: Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America (amazon basin), and southeast Asia
6. mediterranean ag: coasts of mediterranean sea
7. tropical plantation ag: Central and coasts of S America
8. rice subsistence ag: East and Coasts of south asia (india) (Need water)
9. wheat subsistence ag: N China and NW india
10. shifting cultivation: Sub sah Africa, North SAmerica
11. livestock ranching: West US, S SA, Middle east
12. nomadic herding: North Africa, Saudia arabia/iran, West china, north russia (most land use)
78
worlds remaining dependencies5
- small
- isolated
- islands
- remains of empires
- (puerto rico, hong kong)
79
containment theory
US and allied states had to contain these Soviet-supported satellite states to prevent Communism from spreading further, they feared a domino effect where one state would fall to Communism and them inspire and support Communist uprisings in neighboring states.
80
ravenstein laws of migration5
“Every migration flow generates a return or counter-migration.”
“The majority of migrants move a short distance.”
“Migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big-city destinations.”
“Urban residents are less migratory than inhabitants of rural areas.”
“Families are less likely to make international moves than young adults.
81
fall line cities
used to describe the ports that lay upstream on coastal rivers at the point where navigation was no longer possible by ocean-going ships. This is where a river's tidal estuary transitions to an upland stream at the first set of river falls. Because of this, they were common break-in-bulk points
82
terrorism 3
- Terrorism is the systematic use of violence by a group in order to intimidate a population or government into granting its demands
- In 2013, 82 percent of terrorist attacks occurred in one of five countries: Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Nigeria, and Syria. Terrorism has also been dominated by four groups: Al Qaeda, ISIL, Boko Haram, and the Taliban.
- A lot of terrorism is in response to Western political and foreign policies - i.e U.S. invasion of Afghanistan and Iraq has led to widespread instability increasing the amount of terrorist attacks.
83
exurbs
areas beyond the suburbs where wealthy people move and have very large homes.
84
ecumene
this term is the imprint of where humans live. Over time the ecumene has increased on Earth’s surface.
85
disputes over north pole
thought to be rich in energy resources. 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea allows countries to lay claims inside the Arctic Circle. Countries that have claims to portions of the Circle are Canada, Denmark, Iceland, Norway, Russia, and US.
86
energy used in US and from where3
1. coal (business): from mid-latitude countries but US and China has most coal reserves
2. natural gas (heat, hot water): russia, SW asia
3. petroleum/oil (transportation): russia, SW asia
87
urban planning in us
done through local ordinances governing land use
88
crude birth rate vs total fertility rate2
- CBR:The total number of live births in a year for every 1000 people alive in the society.
- TFR:The aver number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.
89
hearths of religions to now5
- hinduism: northern india, relocation and expansion diffusion to southeast asia (mostly in india)
- buddhism: north central india, relocation to east asia
- judaism: israel, relocation (diaspora/forced) to europe US canada
- christianity: israel, hierarchical to large cities (rome, constatinople), now in europe, americas, s africa, philippines, austrailia
- islam: arabian peninsula (mecca) expansion to middle east and north africa
90
regular architecture5
- modern: geometric, rectangular, steel, glass (frank lloyd wright)
- postmodern: wavy, bending, used green energy and recycled materials (millennium park)
- new england: one story pitched roof, or saltbox (one long side and 1 short side)
- federalist/georgian: 2-3 story, designs and carvings around windows, symmetrical, flatish roof
- i house: simple rectangular, smaller federalist house, pitched roof diffused west to midwest (Relocation)
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religious architecture5
- cathedral/chapel: christian, central steeple, high bell towers, domees
- temples: hindu, short stone carved towers of faces of deities
- temples: buddhist, stupas (dome with eyes) in nepal/tibet, pagoda (winged levels) in east asia, pointed spires in SE asia
- mosque: islam, domes, minarets (pointed towers)
- synagogue: judaic, jew star, dome, wailing wall
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hotellings model
dealt with locational interdependence; the location of industries can't be understood without reference to the location of other industries of like kind.
ex: two similar vendors would locate next to each other in the middle of a market area to maximize profit
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syncretic religions
attempts to merge and analogize several originally discrete traditions, especially in the theology and mythology of religion, and thus assert an underlying unity allowing for an inclusive approach to other faiths (Druze-Christian+Islam, Sikhs-Islam+Hindusim)
