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AP Human Geography > Unit 2: Population and Migration > Flashcards

Unit 2: Population and Migration Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

Arithmetic population density

A

the population of a country/region as expressed as an average per unit area

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2
Q

Physiological density

A

number of people per unit area of arable land

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3
Q

Agricultural density

A

the population of farmers per unit area

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4
Q

Megalopolis

A

term for large coalescing supercities that are forming in diverse parts of the world

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5
Q

Census

A

periodic and official count of a country’s population

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6
Q

Natural increase

A

population growth measure as the excess of live births over deaths
calculation: (CBR-CDR)/10 when CBR/CDR are out of 1000 ppl

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7
Q

TFR

A

total fertility rate, average number of children born to a woman during her childbearing years

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8
Q

Dependency ratio:

A

old-age dependency: relationship between number of people over the age of 65 and people between ages 15-64. Child dependency: relationship between number of 0-14 people and 15-64 year old people

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9
Q

Zero population growth

A

state in which a population is maintained at a constant level because number of deaths is exactly offset by the number of births

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10
Q

CBR

A

crude birth rate, number of live births yearly per thousand people in a population

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11
Q

CDR

A

crude death rate, number of deaths yearly per thousand people in a population

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12
Q

Demographic transition

A

model of changes in population growth exhibited by countries undergoing industrialization

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13
Q

Population pyramid

A

representations of the age and sex composition of a population

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14
Q

IMR

A

infant mortality rate, number of babies that die within the first year of their lives in a population

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15
Q

Child mortality rate

A

number of children that die between first and fifth years of their lives in a given population

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16
Q

Life expectancy

A

how long, on average a person may be expected to live

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17
Q

Epidemic

A

regional outbreak of a disease

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18
Q

Eugenic population policies

A

government policies designed to favor one racial sector over others (example: Nazi germany)

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19
Q

Anti-natalist policy

A

policies aiming to decrease birth rates/slow population growth

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20
Q

Pro-natalist policy

A

policies that promote human production

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21
Q

Remittances

A

money migrants send back to family/friends in their home countries

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22
Q

Emigration

A

the act of a person leaving a country or area to settle elsewhere

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23
Q

Immigration

A

act of a person migrating to a new country or area

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24
Q

Nomadism

A

movement among a definite set of places, often cyclic movement

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25
Transhumance
seasonal periodic movement of pastoralists and their livestock between highland and lowland pastures
26
International migration
human movement across international boundaries
27
Internal migration
human movement within a nation-state (ex. moving westward in US)
28
Forced Migration
migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate
29
Human trafficking
form of forced migration in which organized criminal elements move people illegally, typically either to work as involuntary laborers or to participate in the commercial sex trade
30
Ravensteins Laws of migration10
10 laws that predict the flow of migrants: - migrate for ECONOMIC reasons - travel SHORT distance - migrate from RURAL areas - interregional migrants: MALE - intraregional migrants: FEMALE - migrate to URBAN areas - age 18-34 - RURAL residents are more likely to move than urban - every migration will have a COUNTER migration - INDIVIDUALS are more migratory
31
Gravity model:
mathematical prediction of the interaction of places, a function of population size of places and the distance between them
32
Distance decay
effects of distance on interaction, greater distance=less interaction
33
Step migration
migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages (ex. From farm to village to town to city)
34
Intervening opportunity
the presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away
35
Chain migration
when migrants move along and through kinship links (ex. One migrant settles in a place and then tells others to move there)
36
Guest worker
legal immigrant who has a work visa, usually short term
37
Internally displaced persons
people who have been displaced within their own countries and do not cross international borders as they flee
38
Inter/Intraregional migration
inter: between regions intra: within a region
39
Thomas Malthus
English economist in 1700s, argued overpopulation will outrun food production because food production is growing linearly while population is growing exponentially
40
Neo-Malthusians
geographers today who support Malthus’ theory because currently, more countries have hit stage 2 than Malthus predicted and overpopulation is outrunning other resources besides food production, which supports Malthus’ claim
41
Pandemic
a diseases that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a large proportion of the population
42
Epidemiological transition
the causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition
43
describe population growth over time
0-1000: slow growth 1000-1800: medium growth 1800-2000: fast growth 2000-: medium-fast growth
44
examples of factors that make -/+ growth
-: european exploration, black plague, mongols | +: industrial revolution, colonial america, modern medicine
45
most/least populated regions4,3
- most populated: east asia, south asia, western europe, north east us - least populated: north africa, austrailia, east europe
46
high/low arithmetic population density3,3
- high: india, philippines, japan | - low: austrialia, russia, canada
47
high/low natural increase/ fertility rate
- high: LDCs (africa, south asia) | - low MDCs (russia, east europe)
48
climate/geography–population3
- high in temperate places, low in extreme cold or hot - high along coasts, low in deserts or forests - humans avoid: too cold, too wet, too high, too dry
49
describe 4 stages of dtm
1: high CBR and high CDR=low NIR 2: industrial revolution makes more food and sanitation, causes low CDR while still high CBR=rapid NIR 3: people start moving to cities ad there is less need for kids, also contraceptsives and women education causes low CBR while still low CDR=decreased NIR 4: people are in more control of births and deaths remain low=NIR stays low or decreases to about 0
50
top heavy vs bottom heavy vs rectangle population pyramid3
- top heavy: high elderly, rely on young to pay taxes - bottom heavy: high young, rely on old to pay for education/healthcare - rectangle: equal amount, zero population growth (MDCs)
51
demographic issues of japan, india and kenya
- japan: falling CBR, high elderly dependence, population decline - india: overpopulation, uneducated women+less contraceptives+men more valued than women=high CBR=population increase - kenya: high HIV/AIDS, adults are dying, high child dependence=force women to drop of out school=women sell body and then contract HIV=high CBR
52
describe 5 stages of epidemiological transition
1: pestilence and famine (black plague) 2: receding pandemics (cholera) 3: -4:degenerative/delayed diseases and declining epidemics (cardiovascular disease and cancer) 5: reemergence of infectious and parasitic diseases (HIV/AIDS)
53
spread of ebola
from the hearth of guinea, people traveled across borders to sierra lione and liberia without border patrol, so the disease spread (contagious diffusion)
54
reasons for and against Malthus' theory4,5
For: -malthus undereastimated # of countries to enter stage II -other resources (energy, water, space) are also running out -cultures cause countries to not move into stage III -LDCs grow food without modern agriculture Against: -CBR decrease with spread of contraceptives -Malthus didn't predict stage III -technology makes food production exponential -globalization (trade) makes food distribution easier/faster -larger population influences economic growth=more food
55
examples of pro/anti natalist3,3
anti: (China) - one child policy - promoted contraceptives - incentives and punishments pro: (Demark, Sweden) - educating young - promotional ads - financial incentives
56
top 3 countries migrates are leaving and moving to
leaving: india (UAE), mexico(US) bangladesh(india) | moving to: US (india), UAE(pakistan), Saudi Arabia(pakistan)
57
migration to US: 5 countries--> 5 states
from: Mexico, india, china, philippines, cuba to: california, new york, florida, texas, new jersey
58
migration within US(in3, out3, ec structure, friction of distance, age structure)
- in: megalopolis region, sun belt, suburbs - out: rust belt, great plains, cities - ec structure: deindustrialization--> decrease in pri sector jobs--> out mig of rust belt and great plains - fric of dis: tech has made it easy to move to suburbs but work in city - age: retirees move to sun belt, families move to suburbs
59
historical migrations3
-columbian exchange: when europeans first discovered americas--> population growth because of crop exchange but spread of diseases -transatlantic slave trade: when slaves were brought over to americas--> most went to central/south america because there were plantations that needed help migration in south asia: india was split into india and pakistan to separate religions--> people were caught on wrong side of border and forced to migrate over
60
qatar2
- guest migrant workers coming from nepal, india, bangladesh who want higher wages - conditions are terrible, many ppl die, no contracts, low wages, not allowed to leave country
61
refugees (where theyre leaving, why, where they're going to, struggles getting there, struggles there, potential benefits)
- leaving: syria, afghanistan, somaila, sudan, south sudan - why: armed conflict and war - going: nearby nations: turkey, lebannon, jordan, european nations - struggles going: european nations have strong border security to limit refugees, dangerous journey - struggles there: not enough space and resources, jobs - potential benefits: boosts economy with more workers, population growth for declining populations
62
top 3 IDP countries
syria, columbia, iraq
63
historical immigration to US: colonial era-1865, 1880-1920, 1965-present(4,1,2)
- colonial era-1865: blacks for west africa(slaves), puritans and pilgrims (religious freedom), china (gold rush), north and west europe (economic opportunities) - 1880-1920: central, south, east europe (economic opportunities) - 1965-present: asia and latin america (economic opportunities, immigration and nationality act let more non whites in)

AP Human Geography (8 decks)

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