Final urinary and other

Question 1

What does the urinary system regulate?

Answer 1

• Plasma concentrations (na, cl, k, ca)
• Blood volume and pressure
• stabilizing blood ph
• conserving valuable nutrients
• Eliminate waste
• Synthesizing calcitriol
• assist in liver detox

Question 2

Why is the right kidney a little lower than the left?

Answer 2

Because of liver

Question 3

Where are the kidneys oriented with respect to the peritoneum?

Answer 3

behind it, retroperitoneal

Question 4

What protects the kidneys?

Answer 4

• Perirenal fat
• Renal fascia
• Pararenal fat

Question 5

What caps the kidneys?

Answer 5

Suprarenal glands

Question 6

Name how the arteries and veins split outwards in the kidneys.

Answer 6

Renal and suprarenal-> Segmental-> Interlobar->Arcuate->Interlobular

Question 7

What is the overall path of the kidneys?

Answer 7

Renal artery->segmental arteries->interlobar arteries-> Arcuate arteries->Interlobular arteries->afferent arterioles->Nephrons->Venules->interlobular veins->arcuate veins->Interlobar veins->renal vein

Question 8

What is thhe functional unit of the kidney?

Answer 8

Nephron

Question 9

What does the kidney do?

Answer 9

Filters blood from the afferent arteriole

Question 10

How does the blood enter and leave the nephron?

Answer 10

Afferent arteriole to enter

efferent arteriole to leave

Question 11

What filters blood in the nephron?

Answer 11

Podocytes

Question 12

What happens in the renal corpuscle?

Answer 12

Filtration occurs as BP forces fluid and dissolved ions out of glomerulus and into the capsular space

Question 13

What 3 barriers must filtration pass?

Answer 13

• Capillary endothelium
• Basement membrane
• Glomerular endothelium

Question 14

What is the first part of the renal tubule?

Answer 14

Proximal convoluted tubule

Question 15

What does the proximal convoluted tubule do?

Answer 15

• Actively absorb organic nutrients, ions, and plasma proteins
• Then osmotic forces pull water out of filtrate and into surrounding interstitial fluid

Question 16

What do the thick segments of the loop of henle do?

Answer 16

Use active transport to move ions (Na, Cl) out of tubular fluid

Question 17

What are thin segments of loop of henle permeable to?

Answer 17

• Water but not ions

- Osmotic pressure forces water out of tubular fluid

Question 18

What does the distal convoluted tubule do?

Answer 18

• Active secretion of ions, acids, and other materials
• Selective reabsorption of Na and Ca ions from tubular fluid (controlled by aldosterone)
• Selective reabsorption of water

Question 19

What does the collecting system of the nephron consist of?

Answer 19

Connecting tubules, collecting ducts, papillary ducts (which drain into minor calyx)

Question 20

What does the collecting system of the nephron do?

Answer 20

Makes the adjustments of tubular fluid

Question 21

What does segmentation movement do?

Answer 21

Mix and break up

Question 22

What are the mesenteries of the peritoneal cavity?

Answer 22

Fused, double sheets of peritoneal membrane

Question 23

What is the parietal peritoneum of the peritoneal cavity attached to?

Answer 23

Inner surface of body wall

Question 24

What is the visceral peritoneum of the peritoneal cavity attached to?

Answer 24

Outer lining of digestive tract

Question 25

Where is the lesser omentum (mesentery) placed?

Answer 25

Between stomach and liver

Question 26

Where is the greater omentum (mesentery) placed?

Answer 26

Fatty apron that hangs anteriorly and inferiorly form the stomach

Question 27

Where is the mesentery proper placed?

Answer 27

Suspends and wraps most of the small intestine

Question 28

Waere is the mesocolon (mesentery) placed?

Answer 28

Suspends and wraps large intestine

Question 29

What are the intraperitoneal organs?

Answer 29

- Stomach - Liver - Jejunum - Ileum - transverse colon - Sigmoid colon - Appendix

Question 30

What are the retroperitoneal organs?

Answer 30

- Duodenum - Pancreas - Ascending colon - Descending colon - Kidneys - Adrenal glands

Question 31

What does the oral cavity do?

Answer 31

- Analysis of material - Mechanical processing/bolus formation - Digestion of carbs

Question 32

What are the accessory organs of the oral cavity?

Answer 32

- Tongue - Teeth - Salivary glands

Question 33

What are the 3 salivary glands?

Answer 33

- Parotid - Submandibular - Sublingual

Question 34

What functions does the pharynx have?

Answer 34

- Both respiration and digestion | - Muscles with oral cavity and esophagus swallow

Question 35

What is the first phase of swallowing?

Answer 35

Buccal phase

Question 36

What happens in the first phase of swallowing?

Answer 36

- Compression of bolus against hard palate - Elevation of soft palate - Retraction of tongue

Question 37

What is the second phase of swallowing?

Answer 37

Pharyngeal phase

Question 38

What happens in the second phase of swallowing?

Answer 38

- Bolus contacts posterior pharyngeal wall - Elevation of larynx - Folding of epiglottis backwards

Question 39

What is the third phase of swallowing?

Answer 39

Esophageal phase

Question 40

What happens in the third phase of swallowing?

Answer 40

- Opening of upper esophageal sphincter - Peristalsis - Opening of lower esophogeal sphincter

Question 41

What is the esophagus?

Answer 41

Flat muscular tube that transports food and liquids to stomach

Question 42

What are the functions of the stomach?

Answer 42

- Bulk storage of ingested food - Mechanical breakdown of ingested food - Chemical digestion of ingested food via the disruption of chemical bonds by acids and enzymes - Beginning absorption of a water, aspirin, and alcohol

Question 43

What is made when ingested substances mix with gastric juices?

Answer 43

Chyme

Question 44

What are rugae?

Answer 44

Longitudinal folds in the mucosa of the stomach wall that permit the expansion of the gastric lumen

Question 45

What do mucous cells secrete?

Answer 45

Mucous

Question 46

What do parietal cells secrete?

Answer 46

HCL and gastric intrinsic factor

Question 47

What do chief cells secrete?

Answer 47

Pepsinogen

Question 48

What do enteroendocrine cells (g cells) secrete?

Answer 48

Gastrin (Hormone)

Question 49

Where does a peptic ulcer happen?

Answer 49

Lining of stomach or duodenum

Question 50

What bacterium cause ulcers?

Answer 50

Helicobacter pylori

Question 51

What does the duodenum do?

Answer 51

(mixing bowl) recieves chyme from stomach and digestive enzymes from pancreas and liver

Question 52

What does the jejunum do?

Answer 52

Bulk of chemical and nutrient absorption takes place here

Question 53

What does the ileum do?

Answer 53

Controls flow of material into the large intestine via the ileocecal valve

Question 54

What does the liver drop into the duodenum?

Answer 54

Bile through common bile duct

Question 55

What does the pancreas drop into the duodenum?

Answer 55

Digestive enzymes through main pancreatic duct

Question 56

What do goblet cells in the small intestine secrete?

Answer 56

mucous

Question 57

What do enteroendocrine cells in the small intestine secrete?

Answer 57

many hormones - Cholecystokinin to gall bladder, pancreas, and liver - Secretin to pancreas

Question 58

What are the functions of the large intestine?

Answer 58

- Reabsorption of water and electrolytes - Compaction of intestinal contents into feces - Absorption of vitamins - Storage of fecal material before defecation

Question 59

What are the taenia coli in the large intestine?

Answer 59

3 bands of longitudinal muscle

Question 60

What are the epiploic appendages in the large intestine?

Answer 60

Fat pouches that hang from the colon

Question 61

What are the haustra of the large intestine?

Answer 61

Sacules between bands of circular muscles that are accentuated by taenia coli muscle contraction

Question 62

How do materials move through the large intestine?

Answer 62

- Slow passage by peristaltic activity and Haustral churning | - Periodic mass movements of fecal matter via peristaltic contractions

Question 63

What stimulates the conscious urge to defecate?

Answer 63

Distension of rectal wall

Question 64

Which anal sphincter has involuntary smooth muscle that relaxes in response to rectal wall distension?

Answer 64

Internal anal sphincter

Question 65

Which anal sphincter is voluntary skeletal muscle?

Answer 65

External anal sphincter

Question 66

What happens in crohns disease?

Answer 66

Inflammatory bowel disease - Abdominal pain, diarrhea or constipation - ANS dysfunction -Colectomy to resolve

Question 67

What 3 overall purposes does the liver have?

Answer 67

- Metabolic regulation - Hematological regulation - Bile production

Question 68

What is the largest visceral organ?

Answer 68

Liver

Question 69

What is the flow of bile?

Answer 69

Liver-> right and left hepatic ducts-> common hepatic duct->cystic duct->gall bladder storage and concentration-(fatty meal)>Expelled through common bile duct->duodenum

Question 70

What is the hepatic portal system blood flow?

Answer 70

Aorta artery-> Capillary bed in small and large intestines-> Hepatic portal vein-> Capillary bed in liver-> Inferior vena cava-> heart

Question 71

What does cirrhosis destroy?

Answer 71

Hepatocytes

Question 72

What are the two main functions of the pancreas?

Answer 72

- Exocrine function (secretion of its juice) | - Endocrine function (secretion of hormones)

Question 73

What two hormones does the pancreas secrete?

Answer 73

- Insulin from beta cells | - Glucagon from alpha cells

Question 74

What organs does the celiac trunk supply?

Answer 74

- Stomach - Liver - Gall - Pancreas - Spleen - Part of duodenum

Question 75

What organs does the superior mesenteric artery supply?

Answer 75

- Most of the duodenum - Jejunum - Ileum - Cecum - Appndix - Ascending colon - first 1/2 of transverse colon

Question 76

What organs does the inferior mesenteric artery supply?

Answer 76

- Second 1/2 of transverse colon - descending colon - Sigmoid colon - Part of rectum