FINALS Flashcards by Genella Alessandra Roallos

Q

Chorion is composed of:

A. outer ectoderm and inner somatic mesoderm
B. inner endoderm and splanchic
mesoderm
C. Syncitiotrophoblast
D. All of the choices
E. Trophoblast and somatic mesoderm

A

A. outer ectoderm and inner somatic mesoderm

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Q

For sheep:

A. Hemochorial type
B. Endotheliochorial type
C. Syndesmochorial type
D. Epitheliochorial type

A

C. Syndesmochorial type

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Q

For humans:

A. Hemochorial type
B. Endotheliochorial type
C. Syndesmochorial type
D. Epitheliochorial type

A

A. Hemochorial type

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Q

For cows:

A. Hemochorial type
B. Endotheliochorial type
C. Syndesmochorial type
D. Epitheliochorial type

A

C. Syndesmochorial type

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Q

For primates:

A. Hemochorial type
B. Endotheliochorial type
C. Syndesmochorial type
D. Epitheliochorial typ

A

A. Hemochorial type

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Q

For dogs:

A. Hemochorial type
B. Endotheliochorial type
C. Syndesmochorial type
D. Epitheliochorial type

A

C. Syndesmochorial type

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Q

The follicle component more likely to remain a part of the ovary after ovulation is the:

A. Zona pellucida
B. First polar body
C. Corona radiata
D. Theca interna
E. Liquor foliculi

A

C. Corona radiata

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Q

The phase during which fertilization and implantation can occur:

A. Secretory phase
B. Proliferative phase
C. Menstrual phase
D. Ovulation
E. Anytime in all phases

A

D. Ovulation

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Q

Undergoes cyclic thickening and shedding

A. Stratum functionale
B. Stratum basale
C. Both strata (functionale and basale)
D. Neither of the strata

A

A. Stratum functionale

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Q

A reliable biochemical test for pregnancy is to examine the blood/urine for the presence of:

A. hPL
B. LH
C. hCG
D. Estrogen
E. FSH

A

C. hCG

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Q

Large portion of the chorion is broadly associated with the endometrium

A. Zonary
B. Diffused
C. Discoidal
D. Cotyledonary

A

B. Diffused

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Q

Fetal-maternal contact is limited to a transverse area

A. Zonary
B. Diffused
C. Discoidal
D. Cotyledonary

A

A. Zonary

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Q

Fetal-maternal contact is restricted to a plate

A. Zonary
B. Diffused
C. Discoidal
D. Cotyledonary

A

C. Discoidal

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Q

Fetal-maternal contact is confined within localized patches

A. Zonary
B. Diffused
C. Discoidal
D. Cotyledonary

A

D. Cotyledonary

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Q

Villi form a disc, intimately connected to uterine wall

A. Zonary
B. Diffused
C. Discoidal
D. Cotyledonary

A

C. Discoidal

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Q

Mesoderm gives rise to all the structures EXCEPT

A. Body mesenteries
B. Nervous system
C. Muscular system
D. Circulatory system
E. None of the choices

A

B. Nervous system
(Ectoderm)

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Q

The extraembryonic membranes of the mammalian embryo are derived from the:

A. Trophoblast
B. Inner cell mass
C. Intermediate mesoderm
D. Dorsal mesoderm
E. None of the choices

A

A. Trophoblast

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Q

The disc-shaped placenta is formed from the

A. Chorioallantoic membrane
B. Decidua parietalis
C. Chorionic villi and the decidua basalis
D. Chorionic villi and the decidua capsularis
E. None of the choices

A

C. Chorionic villi and the decidua basalis

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Q

Schwann cells are formed from:

A. Lumbar neural crest cells
B. Cranial neural crest cells
C. Thoracic neural crest cells
D. Cardiac neural crest cells
E. None of the choices

A

A. Lumbar neural crest cells

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Q

Inducer of sclerotome formation

A. PAX1
B. Shh and noggin
C. Wnt proteins
D. SNAIL and FOXD3
E. Dorsomedial and ventrolateral cells
F. MYF5 and MyoD

A

B. Shh and noggin

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Q

For the formation of the vertebral column

A. PAX1
B. Shh and noggin
C. Wnt proteins
D. SNAIL and FOXD3
E. Dorsomedial and ventrolateral cells
F. MYF5 and MyoD

A

A. PAX1

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Q

These cell clusters will form the myotome

A. PAX1
B. Shh and noggin
C. Wnt proteins
D. SNAIL and FOXD3
E. Dorsomedial and ventrolateral cells
F. MYF5 and MyoD

A

E. Dorsomedial and ventrolateral cells

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Q

Expressed by dorsal neural tube

A. PAX1
B. Shh and noggin
C. Wnt proteins
D. SNAIL and FOXD3
E. Dorsomedial and ventrolateral cells
F. MYF5 and MyoD

A

C. Wnt proteins

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Q

Specify cells as neural crest cells

A. PAX1
B. Shh and noggin
C. Wnt proteins
D. SNAIL and FOXD3
E. Dorsomedial and ventrolateral cells
F. MYF5 and MyoD

A

D. SNAIL and FOXD3

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The layer of the uterine wall that is shed during menstruation is the: A. Perimetrium B. Endometrium C. Myometrium D. All of the choices E. None of the choices

B. Endometrium

The human fetal membrane that forms an intimate connection with uterine tissue is the: A. Chorio-allantois B. Amnion only C. Chorion only D. Allantois only E. None of the choices

C. Chorion only

In the regulation of somite formation, the notochord and the floorplate of the neural tube produce ____ and ____, respectively, which induce the ventromedial portion of the somite to form sclerotia. A. Wnt and Notch B. Noggin and SHH C. PAX1 and PAX3 D. Wnt and Myf3 E. None of the choices

B. Noggin and SHH

The inner cell mass (or embryoblast) of the blastocyst gives rise to all of the following layers except for the ________. A. Trophoblast B. Epiblast C. Axial mesoderm D. Primitive endoderm E. No answer text provided

A. Trophoblast

The hormone that works primarily to prepare the endometrium for implantation of a fertilized egg is: A. Estrogen B. FSH C. Progesterone D. LH E. None of the choices

C. Progesterone

The production of testosterone in the interstitial cells are stimulated by: A. Estradiol, the potent estrogen B. Inhibin C. Follicle-stimulating hormone D. Luteinizing hormone E. None of the choices

D. Luteinizing hormone

The mammalian corpus luteum produces: A. FSH B. Progesterone C. LH D. Estrogen E. None of the choices

B. Progesterone

Testosterone is produced by the: A. Pituitary gland B. Sertoli cells C. Leydig cells D. Spermatozoa E. None of the choices

C. Leydig cells

Intense devascularization A. Ovarian cycle B. Estrous cycle C. Menstrual cycle D. Menstrual cycle and ovarian cycle E. Estrous and ovarian cycle F. Estrous and menstrual cycle

C. Menstrual cycle

Brief period of sexual receptivity A. Ovarian cycle B. Estrous cycle C. Menstrual cycle D. Menstrual cycle and ovarian cycle E. Estrous and ovarian cycle F. Estrous and menstrual cycle

B. Estrous cycle

Increase in the number of follicles cells/granulosa cells A. Ovarian cycle B. Estrous cycle C. Menstrual cycle D. Menstrual cycle and ovarian cycle E. Estrous and ovarian cycle F. Estrous and menstrual cycle

A. Ovarian cycle

Period of sexual receptivity is not limited A. Ovarian cycle B. Estrous cycle C. Menstrual cycle D. Menstrual cycle and ovarian cycle E. Estrous and ovarian cycle F. Estrous and menstrual cycle

B. Estrous cycle

Formation of luteal body A. Ovarian cycle B. Estrous cycle C. Menstrual cycle D. Menstrual cycle and ovarian cycle E. Estrous and ovarian cycle F. Estrous and menstrual cycle

A. Ovarian cycle

The allantois has the same layers as the yolk sac. These are the: A. outer mesoderm, inner endoderm B. outer endoderm, inner mesoderm C. outer endoderm, inner ectoderm D. inner endoderm, outer ectoderm E. none of the choices

A. outer mesoderm, inner endoderm

Obliteration of the uterine cavity occurs as a result of the fusion of the: A. decidua frondusum and chorionic plate B. Decidua basalis and decidua parietalis C. decidua capsularis and decidua basalis D. decidua capsularis and decidua parietalis E. none of the choices

D. decidua capsularis and decidua parietalis

TRUE or FALSE As the corpus luteum degenerates, the progesterone and estrogen decline.

TRUE

The phase during which fertilization and implantation can occur: A. Secretory phase B. Proliferative phase C. Menstrual phase D. Ovulation E. Anytime in all phases

D. Ovulation

TRUE or FALSE Estrogen at high concentration inhibits FSH and also inhibits the release of LH.

FALSE

TRUE or FALSE Mice and rabbits are used as animal models for Animal Developmental studies are monoestrous.

FALSE

TRUE or FALSE Estrogen is a hormone that supports gestation and maintains the uterine lining.

FALSE

TRUE or FALSE A fall in the level of progesterone will cause an activation on the release of FSH and a new cycle begins.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE Corpus luteum during Luteal Phase will eventually become a transient endocrine structure.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE The final differentiation of the neural crest cells (NCCs) is determined by prevailing signaling factors in the location into which they migrate and settle.

FALSE

TRUE or FALSE Chorion in mammals is involved in the production of hormones, as well as in filtration.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE Dorsal mesoderm gives rise to the visceral organs.

FALSE

The rise of FSH in the blood during the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle results in the: A. rapid decline of progesterone level B. steep rise in estrogen level C. immediate rise of inhibin level D. gradual decline of estrogen level E. none of the choices

B. steep rise in estrogen level

A mammalian embryo is directly surrounded by: A. Primase digestive cavity B. Amniotic cavity C. Allantoic cavity D. Yolk sac cavity E. None of the choices

B. Amniotic cavity

In the case of pregnancy, which of the following holds true? A. The placenta synthesizes human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) B. Progesterone level is maintained by the corpus luteum C. ovulation occurs late in the pregnancy period D. the placenta secretes oxytocin right away E. none of the choices

A. The placenta synthesizes human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

Pharyngeal pouch 2 develops into which of the following? A. Tonsil tissue B. Parathyroid gland C. Middle ear D. Thymus E. None of the choices

A. Tonsil tissue

When is ovulation normally taking place during a human female's menstrual cycle? A. shortly before the end of the secretory phase B. end of the proliferative phase C. beginning of the proliferative phase D. mid-secretory phase E. none of the choices

B. end of the proliferative phase

Expressed in the posterior portion of sclerotome that restricts migrations of ECM proteins A. WCM B. Ephrin proteins C. BMP D. RhoB and Slug

B. Ephrin proteins

Influences the fate of embryonic ectoderm A. SLUG B. SNAIL and FOXD3 C. WNT D. BMPs

D. BMPs

In mammals, the chorion and allantois take part in the formation of the: A. Placenta B. Yolk sac C. Endometrium D. Uterine epithelium E. None of the choices

A. Placenta

Implantation of the blastocyst most likely takes place: A. 1 month postovulation B. 7-10 days postovulation C. 3 days postovulation D. 1 day postovulation E. None of the choices

B. 7-10 days postovulation

TRUE or FALSE Spinal ganglia and parasympathetic ganglia along the gut are derived from the trunk neural crest cells, NOT from the cranial neural crest cells.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE Decidua basalis is where the specific site of implantation takes place.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE Chorion frondosum is the chorion attached to the decidua basalis. It forms the fetal portion of the placenta.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE At around 4 weeks at the implantation site, the basic structure of the placenta has been formed.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE Adrenal medulla, an organ of the endocrine system is derived from the epidermal lineage.

FALSE

Septum that separates the aorta and pulmonary artery originates from: A. Sacral neural crest cells B. Thoracic neural crest cells C. Lumbar neural crest cells D. Cardiac neural crest cells E. None of the choices

D. Cardiac neural crest cells

When the trophoblast expands and thickens, projections eventually branch out into the endometrium. These are the: A. Chorioamniotic cells B. Chorionic villi C. Chorioallantoic plate D. Umbilical stalk E. Chorion leave

B. Chorionic villi

Definitive length of placentation in human is: A. 270 days B. 120 days C. 60 days D. 90 days E. None of the choices

D. 90 days

Withdrawal of which of the following hormones is the immediate cause of menstruation? A. LH B. Estrogen C. Progesterone D. FSH E. None of the choices

C. Progesterone (Most likely) B. Estrogen

In males, the role of LH is to: A. stimulate the synthesis of testosterone B. convert testosterone to estrogen C. development of primary sex characteristics D. initiate spermatogenesis directly E. none of the choices

A. stimulate the synthesis of testosterone

Which of the following is NOT from the same germ line as the others? A. Visceral peritoneum B. Cardiac muscle C. Bone D. Liver E. None of the choices

D. Liver

During gastrulation, the developing embryo reorganizes the cells into a multilayered organism, with each layer necessary to form distinct parts of the eventual fully formed organism. Which of these primary layers will ultimately form the organism's skin and nervous system? A. Neural crest cells B. Ectoderm C. Mesoderm D. Endoderm E. None of the choices

B. Ectoderm

The inner cell mass (or embryoblast) of the blastocyst gives rise to all of the following layers EXCEPT the A. Epiblast B. Mesoderm C. Primitive endoderm D. Trophoblast E. None of the choices

D. Trophoblast

The main function of trophoblast in the developing embryo is: A. formation of the body of the embryo B. protection of developing embryonic cells C. drawing food for the developing cells D. formation of yolk sac

C. drawing food for the developing cells

Which of the following is derived from the endoderm? A. epithelial lining of the respiratory tract B. endoneurial fibroblasts and Schwann cells of peripheral nerves C. cells lining the amniotic membrane D. endothelial lining of blood vessels E. none of the choices

A. epithelial lining of the respiratory tract

Melanocytes derived from: A. Primitive gut B. Visceral mesoderm C. Paraxial mesoderm D. Neural crest cells E. Parietal mesoderm

D. Neural crest cells

Pulmonary trunk derived from: A. Primitive gut B. Visceral mesoderm C. Paraxial mesoderm D. Neural crest cells E. Parietal mesoderm

B. Visceral mesoderm

Septum transversum derived from: A. Primitive gut B. Visceral mesoderm C. Paraxial mesoderm D. Neural crest cells E. Parietal mesoderm

C. Paraxial mesoderm

Tunica circularis of the stomach derived from: A. Primitive gut B. Visceral mesoderm C. Paraxial mesoderm D. Neural crest cells E. Parietal mesoderm

E. Parietal mesoderm

Gastrocnemius derived from: A. Primitive gut B. Visceral mesoderm C. Paraxial mesoderm D. Neural crest cells E. Parietal mesoderm

C. Paraxial mesoderm

The hormone that induces labor and controls labor via a positive feedback mechanism is: A. GnRH B. Progesterone C. Oxytocin D. hCG E. interplay of ALL of the choices

C. Oxytocin

A woman with a 32-day menstrual cycle would most likely ovulate on/at around: A. 5th day B. 14th day C. 10th day D. 19th day E. None of the choices

D. 19th day

In the human female, menstruation can be deferred by the administration of: A. combination of estrogen and progesterone B. combination of FSH and LH C. FSH D. LH E. None of the choices

A. combination of estrogen and progesterone

TRUE or FALSE CG maintains progesterone until the 1st 3 months of pregnancy

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE Neural crest cells from rhombomere 6 migrate to the 3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches and arches.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE In monozygotic twinning, fetuses have separate amniotic sacs.

FALSE

TRUE or FALSE Tropho-uteronectin (TUN) secreted by the anchoring trophoblast directs differentiation of cytotrophoblast.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE If the oocyte is fertilized, the endometrial lining will not be maintained or at its thickest as exhibited in the secretory phase.

FALSE

TRUE or FALSE Among males, the Inhibin sends negative feedback to the hypothalamus, inhibiting the secretion of FSH and LH.

TRUE

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is the highest level during: A. as soon as implantation takes place B. towards 3rd month of pregnancy C. towards 9th month of pregnancy D. after 3rd month of pregnancy E. none of the choices

B. towards 3rd month of pregnancy

Which of the following options contains only the mesodermal structures? A. trachea, heart, bones, blood B. Heart, blood, bones, notochord C. Heart, blood, muscles, liver D. Notochord, blood, liver, muscles E. None of the choices

A. trachea, heart, bones, blood

Connective tissue derived from: A. Dermatome B. Endoderm C. Neural tube D. Somatic mesoderm E. Metanephros F. Sclerotome

A. Dermatome

Posterior pituitary gland derived from: A. Dermatome B. Endoderm C. Neural tube D. Somatic mesoderm E. Metanephros F. Sclerotome

C. Neural tube

Parietal pleura derived from: A. Dermatome B. Endoderm C. Neural tube D. Somatic mesoderm E. Metanephros F. Sclerotome

D. Somatic mesoderm

Pharyngeal pouch derived from: A. Dermatome B. Endoderm C. Neural tube D. Somatic mesoderm E. Metanephros F. Sclerotome

B. Endoderm

Ureter derived from: A. Dermatome B. Endoderm C. Neural tube D. Somatic mesoderm E. Metanephros F. Sclerotome

E. Metanephros

Optic vesicles derived from: A. Dermatome B. Endoderm C. Neural tube D. Somatic mesoderm E. Metanephros F. Sclerotome

C. Neural tube

If and when the menstrual cycle is regularly occurring, the blood LH level is highest at/during A. culmination of follicular phase B. during the menstrual phase C. just prior to menstrual flow D. mid luteal phase E. none of the choices

A. culmination of follicular phase

Based on the placental progression during embryonic development, the placental disc is formed by the: A. decidua basalis and chorion leave B. decidua parietalis and chorion frondosum C. decidua capsularis and chorion leave D. decidua parietalis and chorion leave E. decidua basalis and chorion frondosum

E. decidua basalis and chorion frondosum

Vertebrae and disks derived from: A. Visceral/splanchnic mesoderm B. Epimere/somite/paraxia mesoderm C. Mesomere/intermediate mesoderm D. Parietal/somatic mesoderm E. Axial mesoderm

B. Epimere/somite/paraxial mesoderm

Smooth muscle tissue of the stomach derived from: A. Visceral/splanchnic mesoderm B. Epimere/somite/paraxial mesoderm C. Mesomere/intermediate mesoderm D. Parietal/somatic mesoderm E. Axial mesoderm

A. Visceral/splanchnic mesoderm

Biceps muscle of the upper arm derived from: A. Visceral/splanchnic mesoderm B. Epimere/somite/paraxial mesoderm C. Mesomere/intermediate mesoderm D. Parietal/somatic mesoderm E. Axial mesoderm

B. Epimere/somite/paraxial mesoderm

Ductus deferens in males are derived from: A. Visceral/splanchnic mesoderm B. Epimere/somite/paraxial mesoderm C. Mesomere/intermediate mesoderm D. Parietal/somatic mesoderm E. Axial mesoderm

A. Visceral/splanchnic mesoderm

Pericardium derived from: A. Visceral/splanchnic mesoderm B. Epimere/somite/paraxial mesoderm C. Mesomere/intermediate mesoderm D. Parietal/somatic mesoderm E. Axial mesoderm

D. Parietal/somatic mesoderm

Mullerian ducts in female derived from: A. Visceral/splanchnic mesoderm B. Epimere/somite/paraxial mesoderm C. Mesomere/intermediate mesoderm D. Parietal/somatic mesoderm E. Axial mesoderm

C. Mesomere/intermediate mesoderm

Secondary and primary chorionic villi differ in that the latter: A. includes the syncytiotrophoblast B. includes cytotrophoblast C. lacks the cytotrophoblast D. includes the extraembryonic mesenchyme E. lacks fetal blood vessels

E. lacks fetal blood vessels

Embryonic implantation is the process of A. Formation of the umbilical cord B. Attachment of blastocyst to the uterine wall C. Formation of decidua basalis D. Formation of the amniotic ectoderm E. None of the choices

B. Attachment of blastocyst to the uterine wall

Which of the following hormones is not a secretion product of the human placenta? A. hPL B. estrogen C. hcG D. prolactin E. none of the choices

D. prolactin

During the menstrual cycle, the blood LH level is highest at/during: A. Culmination of follicular phase B. During the menstrual phase C. Just prior to menstrual flow D. Mid luteal phase E. None of the choices

A. Culmination of follicular phase

Which of the following has the CORRECT cell lineage? A. ectoderm → epidermis → otic placode → epiphysis → pituitary gland B. mesoderm → intermediate mesoderm → visceral mesoderm → visceral pleura C. mesoderm → paraxial mesoderm → sclerotome → axial skeleton D. head mesenchyme → cranial sensory ganglia → motor nerves → retina E. None of the choices

C. mesoderm → paraxial mesoderm → sclerotome → axial skeleton

During the menstrual cycle, which is the main source of progesterone? A. Growing follicle B. Adrenal cortex C. Pituitary gland D. Corpus luteum E. Uterine endometrium

D. Corpus luteum

TRUE or FALSE Amnion forms a connection with the placenta that houses the vessels and allantois.

FALSE

Dorsal axis formation is naturally inhibited by: A. BMP4 B. Goosecoid/Nodal C. BMP7 D. TGF-beta Superfamily E. Sonic hedgehog

A. BMP4

During cleavage: A. there is a significant growth in mass B. there is addition of new gap phases C. there is no increase in size D. the cell cycle is very slow

C. there is no increase in size

The transition from maternal-to-zygotic genome activation is triggered ON by: A. the rapid distribution of cytoplasmic factors B. new balance of nuclear cytoplasmic ratio C. the activation of Goosecoid gene D. the synthesis of activin molecules

D. the synthesis of activin molecules

The primitive streak develops from: A. periblast B. hypoblast C. epiblast D. trophoblast E. body stalk

C. epiblast

The Hensen's node is homologous to the amphibian's: A. primitive gut B. dorsal lip of blastopore C. lateral lip of blastopore D. ventral lip of blastopore E. neurenteric canal

B. dorsal lip of blastopore

Regulating the development of the craniocaudal segments of the somites and the vertebrae in mammals is a function of the: A. OTX2, LIM1, Hesx1 cluster B. serotonin (5HT) C. FGf8 and Nodal D. Brachyury T gene E. Hox genes

E. Hox genes

In the late cleavage stage, there is A. decrease in the copies of the genome B. depletion of cyclin B and other cycling factors C. there is an increase in embryonic size D. suspension of M phase

B. depletion of cyclin B and other cycling factors

In cases when insufficient mesoderm is formed in the caudal most region of the embryo due to the absence of Brachyury T gene products, it would result in a condition of: A. spina bifida B. caudal dysgenesis C. sacrococcygeal teratoma D. anencephaly

B. caudal dysgenesis

TRUE OR FALSE: Neural tube separates from the epidermis and drops below the surface

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: Microtubules play a role in neurulation

TRUE

Spermatogonia are: A. haploid cells B. spermatocytes after Meiosis I C. spermatocytes after Meiosis II D. self-renewing cells E. mature sperms

D. self-renewing cells

Neurulation is exclusively a secondary type in: A. fish B. avian C. mammalian D. amphibians

A. fish

The agent of ventral specification of the neural tube, probably originating from the notochord, is the: A. Chordin and noggin B. Activin C. TGF beta Superfamily D. BMP4 protein E. Nodal F. Sonic hedgehog

F. Sonic hedgehog

TRUE OR FALSE: During neurulation, the mesodermal layer on either side of the notochord splits into longitudinal divisions.

TRUE

A default in the Lefty2 and Nodal genes would have the most immediate impact on the regulation of: A. Lefty 1 B. Fgf8 C. Shh D. PitX2

D. PitX2

Convergent extension is MOST prevalent during: A. laterality establishment B. blastulation C. Dorso-ventral patterning D. Neurulation E. Gastrulation

E. Gastrulation

If and when the activity of BMP4 was antagonized during dorso-ventral specification, this would result to: A. eventual formation of intermediate mesoderm B. formation of ventral mesoderm C. dorsalization of notochord and somites D. eventual formation of lateral plate mesoderm

B. formation of ventral mesoderm

The archenteron of the developing frog embryo eventually develops into: A. digestive tract lumen B. brain and spinal cord C. amniocardiac vesicle D. laryngotracheal groove E. the blastocoel

A. digestive tract lumen

The migration of mesenchymal cells from the epiblast region into the blastocoel is: A. convergent extension B. involution C. ingression D. delamination E. invagination

D. delamination

Which of the following DOES NOT occur during cleavage? A. embryo grows significantly in mass B. nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio of cells increases C. addition of new gap phases to the cell cycle D. None of the choices E. increase of the copies of the genome

A. embryo grows significantly in mass

A default in the spatiotemporal expression of this gene (that codes for a transcription factor) likewise could lead to the default in the expression of genes that regulate/block the activity of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) A. TGF beta Superfamily and Sonic hedgehog B. Beta-catenin C. Goosecoid gene/Nodal gene D. Noggin and Chordin E. Siamois+ and Twin+

D. Noggin and Chordin

The cortical reaction functions directly in the: A. generation of nerve-like impulses in the egg B. the fusion of male and female pronuclei C. release of hydrolytic enzymes by the sperm D. formation of fertilization membrane

D. formation of fertilization membrane C. release of hydrolytic enzymes by the sperm

In Amphibian dorsoventral patterning, which is NOT involved: A. gray crescent formation B. cortical rotation C. cellular compaction D. beta-catenin gene expression

C. cellular compaction

The _________ has a diploid set of chromosomes: A. spermatozoa B. secondary spermatocyte C. intermediate spermatogonia D. secondary oocyte E. spermatid

C. intermediate spermatogonia

Identify the Law/Theory being described herewith: "means that there is one way to upbuild a given kind of organism and that every individual shall do it in essentially the same way as its ancestors" A. Theory of Epigenesis B. Law of Biogenesis C. The Von Baer's Law D. Theory of Preformation

B. Law of Biogenesis

The stage of embryonic development characterized by an increase in cell number in the absence of growth is the: A. neurula B. No answer text provided. C. zygote D. cleavage E. blastula F. gastrula

D. cleavage

The onset of events like positional information, intracellular clock, and apoptosis illustrate the Concept of: A. Inevitability B. Progressively formed Guidelines C. Capacity D. Regulation E. Embryonic Induction F. Fate

A. Inevitability

During metabolic activation of the oocyte, activation of the NAD kinase converts/phosphorylates NAD to NADP, a coenzyme for lipid biosynthesis. Lipids would be needed for: A. cell membranes for newly-formed cells B. cell membrane fusion of oocyte and sperm C. DNA synthesis D. immediately required for oxygen consumption by the embryo

A. cell membranes for newly-formed cells

The localized formation of the blastopore is due to: A. Involution B. delamination C. invagination D. convergent extension

C. invagination

In amphibian embryonic development, the specialized cells involved in the invagination process are the: A. primary mesenchyme cells B. cadherin cells C. bottle-shaped cells D. median hinge point cells E. secondary mesenchyme cells

C. bottle-shaped cells

N-cadherins are normally NOT expressed by: A. epidermal cells B. neural crest cells C. neural ectoderm D. brain ectoderm

A. epidermal cells

The second meiotic arrest occurs at: A. metaphase of meiosis I B. No answer text provided C. diplotenes of meiosis II D. metaphase of meiosis II E. diplotene of meiosis I

D. metaphase of meiosis II

That of maternal genes and oocyte cytoarchitecture affecting the direction of embryonic development would illustrate the Concept of: A. Differentiation B. Regulation C. Inevitability D. Fate E. Preformed Guidelines

E. Preformed Guidelines

During embryonic development, embryonic polarity is most poorly understood in: A. Mammalian B. Sea Urchin C. Amphibian D. Avian E. Fish

B. Sea Urchin

Spreading of a sheet of embryonic cells with accompanying interdigitation and intercalation is: A. convergent extension B. involution C. ingression D. epiboly E. delamination

D. epiboly

In amphibian oogenesis, the resumption of meiosis (which causes germinal vesicle breakdown) requires: A. progesterone B. FSH C. Aromatase D. LH E. estrogen

A. progesterone

In the event of misregulation in the expression of critical morphoregulatory molecules such as the CAMs and SAMs, the stage-specific events of _____ would be most largely affected. A. late cleavage B. blastulation C. neurulation D. pattern formation E. gastrulation

E. gastrulation

Which could most likely occur in the developing embryo if and when there is a default in the normal expression of the Brachyury T gene. A. immediately turned off an expression of Nodal gene and Lefty 2 gene B. deformed Henson's node C. malformation of brain vesicles D. malformation of lower vertebrae

D. malformation of lower vertebrae

Arrange the stages of fertilization and early development into proper sequence: I. onset of new DNA synthesis II. cortical reaction III. first cell division IV. acrosomal reaction; membrane depolarization V. fusion of pronuclei

IV, II, V, I, III

Which of the following is NOT involved in left-right asymmetry of vertebrates? A. PitX2 B. Growth factor C. Nodal D. Calcium signaling E. Sonic hedgehog

B. Growth factor

Chambers of the brain and the spinal cord arise from: A. walls of the neural tube B. cavity of the neural tube C. neuroepithelial cells lining the neural tube

B. cavity of the neural tube

A primitive streak forms during the early embryonic development of which of the following: 1. birds 2. frog 3. cat I only II only I & III only I & II only

I & III only

This involves the sequential expression of genes in the developing embryo to establish specialized cells. This is the Concept of: A. Fate B. Progressively formed guidelines C. Capacity D. Embryonic induction E. Inevitability F. Differentiation

E. Inevitability

The depletion of cyclin B and other cyclin factors happens during: A. Blastula stage B. Cleavage stage C. Neurula stage D. Pronuclear fusion E. Gastrula stage

B. Cleavage stage

Which structure in avian and mammalian embryos functions like the blastopore in amphibian embryos? A. neural plate B. somites C. primitive streak D. notochord E. archenteron

C. primitive streak

If and when the primordial germ cells fail to reach their final destination, these can form embryonic abnormality known as: A. teratoma B. anencephaly C. caudal dysgenesis D. holoencephaly

A. teratoma

The mammalian embryonic stage that is implanted in the uterus is the: A. gastrula stage B. morula stage C. neurula stage D. blastocyst stage E. primitive streak stage

D. blastocyst stage

The secreted factor _____, in coordination with OTX2, LIM1, and HESX1 genes, is involved in establishing the cranial end of the embryo during gastrulation towards neurulation A. Fgf8 B. Lefty 2 C. Nodal D. Brachyury T gene E. Cerberus F. Sonic hedgehog

E. Cerberus

The new balance in the nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio that triggers a transition from maternal genome activation to zygotic genome activation happens during: A. onset of gastrula stage B. early blastula stage C. late blastula stage D. late cleavage stage E. early cleavage stage

C. late blastula stage

The 1st meiotic block is lifted off immediately around the: A. onset of fertilization B. onset of puberty C. onset of yolk formation D. onset of cortical reaction E. onset of DNA replication

B. onset of puberty

A neurulation error due to the failure of the anterior neuropore to close is called: A. cranial dysgenesis B. anencephaly C. holoencephaly D. teratoma E. spina bifida

B. anencephaly

The brain vesicle that will determine where cranial nerve will arise is the: A. diencephalon B. mesencephalon C. metencephalon D. telencephalon

C. metencephalon *Rhombencephalon = myelencephalon + metencephalon

Identify the Law/Theory described herewith: "... in the early oocyte, there does not exist a miniature being but only the materials of which the embryo is built..." A. Recapitulation B. Biogenesis C. Epigenesis D. Von Baer's Law

C. Epigenesis

Identify the Law/Theory being described herewith: "All the parts of the future embryo were known to be already present in the egg, but these were transparent, folded, small, and could not be seen...but at the start of development, these unfolded, stretched, and become visible..." A. Preformation B. Von Baer's Law C. Epigenesis D. Biogenesis

A. Preformation

The commonality of having pharyngeal slits in the early embryonic development of vertebrates and the gradual differences thereafter illustrates the Law/Theory of: A. Preformation B. Epigenesis C. Biogenesis D. Recapitulation

B. Epigenesis

In human embryo development, the fusion of the neural folds begins at the: A. lumbar level B. thoracic level C. rhombomere level D. cervical level

D. cervical level

Which of the following is a product of the 1st meiotic division? A. spermatids B. secondary spermatocyte C. primary spermatocyte D. spermatogonia E. spermatozoa

B. secondary spermatocyte

Remarkably, Vg-1 and wnt are used in both frogs and chicks to establish a body axis, although, in chicks, this is the anteroposterior axis instead of the dorsoventral axis. What is the region of the chick embryo that is thus analogous to the chordamesoderm? A. posterior marginal zone B. blastoderm C. primitive streak D. Koller's sickle E. area pellucida

C. primitive streak

Match the items: Large portion of the chorion is broadly associated with the endometrium Fetal-maternal contact is limited to a transverse area Fetal-maternal contact is restricted to a plate Fetal-maternal contact is confined within localized patches Choices: DISCOIDAL, DIFFUSED, ZONARY, COTYLEDONARY

- Large portions of the chorion are broadly associated with the endometrium: DIFFUSED - Fetal-maternal contact is limited to a transverse area: ZONARY - Fetal-maternal contact is restricted to a plate: DISCOIDAL - Fetal-maternal contact is confined within localized patches: COTYLEDONARY

YES or NO: Extraembryonic mesoderm comes from the hypoblast lineage.

YES

YES or NO: Proctodaeum, which gives rise to the anal opening comes from the endodermal lineage.

YES

YES or NO: Gastrocnemius muscle is derived from the lateral plate mesoderm lineage.

YES

YES or NO: Olfactory placode is derived from the neural tube lineage.

NO

YES or NO: Epiphysis is derived from the neural crest cells (NCCs) lineage.

NO

YES or NO: At around four weeks at the implantation site, the placenta's basic structure has been formed.

YES

YES or NO: hCG maintains progesterone until the 1st 3 months of pregnancy.

YES

YES or NO: Tropho-uteronectin (TUN) secreted by the anchoring trophoblast directs differentiation of cytotrophoblast.

YES

YES or NO: Neural cells migrating over the somites (dorsolateral pathway) will form the skin's pigment cells.

YES

YES or NO: Lateral plate mesoderm cells form the organs of the circulatory system and organs of the muscular system.

YES

YES or NO: Mesoderm cells form organs of the respiratory system.

YES

YES or NO: Intermediate mesoderm forms organs of the reproductive system.

YES

YES or NO: Ectoderm cells form organs of the skeletal and muscular system.

NO

Match the items: - Intense devascularization of the uterine lining - Brief period of sexual receptivity - Increase in the number of estrogen-secreting cells - Period of Sexual Receptivity is not limited - Formation of the luteal body Choices: Menstrual Cycle, Estrous Cycle, Ovarian Cycle

- Intense devascularization of the uterine lining: Menstrual cycle - Brief period of sexual receptivity: Estrous cycle - Increase in the number of estrogen-secreting cells: Ovarian cycle - Period of Sexual Receptivity is not limited: Estrous cycle - Formation of the luteal body: Ovarian cycle

Match the items: Primates Dogs Cows Human Sheep Choices: hemochorial, endotheliochorial, syndesmochorial

Primates - hemochorial Dogs - endotheliochorial Cows - syndesmochorial Human - hemochorial Sheep - syndesmochorial

Match: - Formation of the vitelline duct - Formation of the body wall and cavity - Large part of urogenital formation - Formation of vertebrae - Give rise to angiogenic clusters Choices: intermediate, lateral plate, paraxial

- Formation of the vitelline duct: intermediate - Formation of the body wall and cavity: lateral plate - Large part of urogenital formation: intermediate - Formation of vertebrae: paraxial - Give rise to angiogenic clusters: lateral plate

Match: - Vertebrae and disks - Smooth muscle tissue of the stomach - Biceps muscle of the upper arm - Ductus deferens in males Pericardium - Mullerian ducts in female Choices: mesomere, parietal mesoderm, paraxial, visceral or splanchnic mesoderm, epimere, somite

- Vertebrae and disks - epimere/somite/paraxial mesoderm?? - Smooth muscle tissue of the stomach - visceral or splanchnic mesoderm - Biceps muscle of the upper arm - paraxial - Ductus deferens in males - mesomere - Pericardium - parietal mesoderm - Mullerian ducts in female - mesomere

In human embryo development, primary neurulation ends at around: A. 12th week of development B. 16th week of development C. 3rd week of development D. 4th week of development

D. 4th week of development

The stage of embryonic development characterized by the onset of morphogenetic movements and selective cell adhesions is the: A. neurula B. morula C. blastula D. cleavage E. gastrula

E. gastrula

1. Connective tissue layer (dermis) of the skin 2. Posterior pituitary 3. Parietal pleura 4. Pharyngeal pouch 5. Ureter 6. Optic vesicles

1. Dermatome 2. neural tube 3. somatic mesoderm 4. endoderm 5. metanephros 6. neural tube

1. vitelline vein 2. Rathke's pouch 3. Infundibulum 4. Urinary bladder 5. Liver rudiment 6. Thyroid rudiment

1. foregut 2. midgut 3. foregut 4. hindgut 5. foregut 6. foregut

1. Intense devascularization of the uterine lining 2. Brief period of sexual receptivity 3. Increase in the number of estrogen-secreting cells 4. Period of sexual receptivity is not limited 5. Formation of luteal bod

1. MENSTRUAL CYCLE 2. ESTROUS CYCLE 3. OVARIAN CYCLE 4. ESTROUS CYCLE 5. OVARIAN CYCLE

In mammals, the primitive streak develops from the: A. epiblast B. hypoblast C. Koller's sickle D. trophoblast E. cytotrophoblast F. epiblast

A. epiblast

The pairing of homologous chromosomes takes place during: A. leptotene B. diakinesis C. diplotene D. zygotene

D. zygotene