[LE1] Lecture 1 Flashcards
(95 cards)
1
Q
_______ are early stages in which the developing animal does not yet resemble the adult of the species.
A
Embryos
2
Q
Study of animal development between fertilization and birth.
A
Embryology
3
Q
Understand cellular and molecular mechanisms that drive changes in cells, tissues, and organs.
A
Concept of development across time
4
Q
Across time, a species may become a specific group, wherein they could have their own category or distinguishing features that make them a group.
A
Phylogenetic history
5
Q
Pertains to the life cycle of one individual; it begins in fertilization and ends in death (sometimes gametes to death)
A
Ontogenetic history
6
Q
Three major functions of ontogenetic development:
A
- Accomplishes cellular diversity within generation
- Accomplishes cellular order within generation
- Ensures continuity of life from one generation to the next
7
Q
Creation of principally identical progeny through similar forebears
A
Result of ontogeny
8
Q
Development of the present-day diversity of species from different types of forebears
A
Result of phylogeny
9
Q
Constant process, reproducible, can be directly researched
A
Developmental process of ontogeny
10
Q
Hypothetical, unique, historical process, only indirectly deducible
A
Developmental process of phylogeny
11
Q
Observable process starting with a specialized parental cell, programmed, purposeful, controlled
A
Type of development in ontogeny
12
Q
Hypothetical process starting from one or several primitive cells, no direction, goal, or control
A
Type of development in phylogeny
13
Q
Within the life span of the individual (days to months)
A
Duration of Development in ontogeny
14
Q
Within the period of life existence (billions of years)
A
Duration of Development in phylogeny
15
Q
Genetic and epigenetic interaction governed by time and space (between embryo and environment) based on a laid-down information cascade
A
Mechanisms of ontogeny
16
Q
Undirected change of existing genetic and epigenetic information systems (mutation) and selection from resulting phenotypes
A
Mechanisms of phylogeny
17
Q
Elaborate description of developmental sequences of embryos
A
Descriptive embryology
18
Q
What field of biology identifies what cells are limbs?
ex. notochord is circular
A
Descriptive embryology
19
Q
Comparative study of ontogenetic development of vertebrate organisms
A
Comparative embryology
20
Q
What field of biology explains that a mouse and a bat have 5 fingers in different forms, but both start with a paddle shape?
A
Comparative embryology
21
Q
Developmental hypotheses are tested using genetic and embryo manipulations.
A
Experimental embryology
22
Q
Techniques in fertilization and implantation of embryos
A
Reproductive embryology
23
Q
Deals with developmental phenomena using biochemical and physiological techniques
A
Chemical embryology
24
Q
Deals with basic principles and processes of development using modern equipment
A
Analytic embryology
25
Study of differential expression on inherited genes in different cells
Molecular embryology
26
Deals with possible effects of environmental alterations and regulations
Ecological embryology
27
Indirect evidence for evolution using comparative developmental processes
Evolutionary embryology
28
In comparative, all species that classified phylochordata should have ___________
notochord
29
To determine the last evolutionary ancestor, where we branched off
last universal common ancestor
30
Analogous Structures: ________ in anatomy
Homologous Structures: ________ in anatomy
Analogous: Dissimilar
Homologous: Similar
31
Analogous Structures: _____ functions
Homologous Structures: ______ functions
Analogous: Similar
Homologous: Dissimilar
32
Analogous Structures: Develop in ______ animals
Homologous Structures: Develop in _____ animals
Analogous: unrelated
Homologous: related
33
Analogous Structures: _____ from a common ancestor
Homologous Structures: _____ from a common ancestor
Analogous Structures: not inherited
Homologous Structures: inherited
34
Analogous Structures: Developmental pattern is _____
Homologous Structures: Developmental pattern is _____
Analogous Structures: not similar
Homologous Structures: similar
35
Analogous Structures: ______ in structure and origin
Homologous Structures: _____ in structure and origin
Analogous Structures: Dissimilar
Homologous Strucures: Similar
36
Interdisciplinary field of embryology, pathology, and basic medical science
ex. Study of what would happen if you drank certain antibiotics during certain times during pregnancy
Teratology
37
Broader approach from embryonic development to postnatal development
Developmental Embryology
38
Since every cell of the body (with very few exceptions) contains the same set of genes, how can this identical set of genetic instructions produce different types of cells?
How can a single fertilized egg cell generate so many different cell types?
Differentiation
39
What processes control the elaboration of cell and tissue types and patterns?
Pattern Formation
40
How can the cells in our body organize into functional structures?
Morphogenesis
41
How do our cells know when to stop dividing?
How is cell division so tightly regulated?
Growth
42
How are germ cells set apart, and what are the instructions in the nucleus and cytoplasm allow them to form the next generation?
Reproduction
43
How do stem cells retain the capacity to regenerate, and can we harness it to cure debilitating diseases?
Regeneration
44
How is the development of an organism integrated into the larger context of its habitat?
Environmental Integration
45
How do changes in development create new body forms?
Which heritable changes are possible, given the constraints imposed by the necessity of the organism to survive as it develops?
Evolution
46
Six factors to find the right model:
1. Size
2. Feasibility of Genomic Interrogation
3. Generation Time
4. Organism Type and Phylogenetic Position
5. Embryo Accessibility
6. Ease of Experimental Manipulation
47
Which embryologist used a frog?
Wilhelm Roux
48
Which embryologist used sea urchins?
Hans Driesch
49
Which embryologist used the fruit fly?
Thomas Hunt Morgan
50
What kind of cleavage do mammals have?
holoblastic, isolecithal, and rotational cleavage
51
What kind of cleavage do amphibians have?
holoblastic but mesolecithal, displaces radial cleavage
52
What kind of cleavage do fish, reptiles, and birds have?
meroblastic, telolecithal, and discoidal cleavage
53
Infolding of a sheet (epithelium) of cells, much like the indention of a soft rubber ball when it is poked (balloon and cells are pushed inward, creating a hollow space.)
Invagination
54
Inward movement of an expanding outer layer so that it spreads over the internal surface of the remaining external cells (moves inward but infolds backward to where it came from, lines the outside)
Involution
55
Migration of individual cells from the surface into the embryo's interior. Individual cells become mesenchymal (i.e., separate from one another) and migrate independently (cells from surface move inward.)
Ingression
56
Splitting of one cellular sheet into two or more or less parallel sheets. On a cellular level, it resembles ingression; the result is the formation of new (additional) epithelial sheet of cells (layer moves inward to create 2 spaces)
Delamination
57
Movement of epithelial sheets (usually ectodermal cells) spreading as a unit (rather than individually) to enclose deeper layers of the embryo. Can occur by cells dividing, by cells changing their shape, or by several layers of cells intercalating into fewer layers, often, all three mechanisms are used (movement is outside (involution is inside) they move and cover cells that involuted (both movements happening at the same time)
Epiboly
58
Produces many cells from one
CELL PROLIFERATION
59
Creates cells with different characteristics at different positions
CELL SPECIALIZATION
60
Coordinate the behavior of each cell with that of its neighbors
CELL INTERACTION
61
Rearranges the cells to form structured tissues and organs
CELL MOVEMENT
62
First evidence of knowledge about embryos goes back to ancient _____ and ______ hieroglyphics
Sanskrit, Egyptian
63
- Introduced the concept of "souls" in his studies of development
- Vegetative soul: life (body)
- Sensitive soul: sensation (to perceive things in nature)
- Spiritual soul: thinking (the ability to understand)
(development in terms of the thinking of a person)
Plato (427–347 BC)
64
- The first person to conduct systematic observation of chick embryos by recording different developmental stages
- Recognized that there are multiple ways that organisms reproduce (structures, different ways organisms reproduce)
Aristotle (384–322 BC)
65
- Published a detailed study of chick embryology
- Largely unheard of, however, is rightfully recognized as the father of embryology
Volcher Coiter (1514–1576)
66
- Best known for his work on blood, but contributed significantly to embryology by expanding and correcting Aristotle's work and coining the term epigenesis
- Contributed to the idea "omne vivum ex ovo", promoting the existence of ova, even humans (epigenesis, genetic factors being silent/not expressed)
William Harvey (1578 - 1657)
67
- Discovered animalcules in semen and argued that a tiny, preformed human was already present in these animalcules
- Led to preformationist period, where a long argument ensued over which sex produced the homunculus
(First to view a sperm in a microscope)
Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632 - 1723)
68
Finally put an end to the homunculus idea when he successfully performed the first artificial insemination using frog eggs (he stopped the divided group and proved that you need both sperm and eggs to form human)
Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729 - 1799)
69
First person to demonstrate morphogenesis by studying the development of structure out of structureless yolk materials
Caspar Friedrich Wolff (1738 - 1794)
70
- Made significant strides in descriptive em- bryology while searching for the vital force;
- The first person to note the many similarities between the embryos of vertebrates, particularly the amniotes
(embryology, similarities between embryos of vertebrates)
Carl Ernst von Baer (1792–1876)
71
- Leading authority in embryology during the late 1800s
- Developed the concept ontogeny, which recapitulates phylogeny and states that individual development progresses through the adult stages of the organism's ancestors
Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919)
72
- Developed germ plasm theory
- Published the idea of self-reproducing determines morphogenesis located on chromosomes (He said that our genetic materials are coming from the germ, not the gametes or somatic cells.)
August Weismann (1834–1914)
73
Credited with providing the first demonstration of fertilization (sea urchins)
Oscar Hertwid (1849–1922)
74
Discovered the existence of polar bodies, leading to significant advances in the understanding of meiosis
Richard Hertwid (1850–1937)
75
- Discovered the process of induction
- Won the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1935 for his discovery of the organizer effect (by studying the role of the dorsal lip of the blastopore) in embryology
Hans Spemann (1869–1941)
76
The concept is that in each gamete, there is a fully developed baby and they only need a womb to develop
PREFORMATION THEORY
77
- Friedrich Wolff
- The dna methylation are trying to silence different parts of the gene and only one will be expressed during development, resulting in differences in each individuals
EPIGENETIC THEORY
78
There are specific genes that would lead when parts of the organs of the species develop
fertilization > cleavage > blastulation > gastrulation > neurolation
CONCEPT OF GUIDELINE
79
- When cells with DNA develop into specific cells
- Cells with the same DNA can become different types of cells through expression of different genes in the DNA
CONCEPT OF DIFFERENTIATION
80
- Charles Darwin
- Pangenesis concept: (1) genetic information from different parts of the body (2) travels to reproductive organs (3) transfer to the gametes
- Our somatic cells are traveling to reproductive organs and this genetic information is transferred to the gametes, who will form the zygote.
PANGENESIS THEORY
81
- Pander and von Baer
- Zygote -> Blastula -> Gastrula - Gastrula: ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm, germ cells
GERM LAYER CONCEPT
82
- oocyte -> totipotent -> blastocyst -> human fetus
-blastocyst -> pluripotent (inner mass cells) -> circulatory, nervous, immune system (unipotent)
CONCEPT OF CAPACITY
83
- Karl Ernst von Baer
- Embryos develop from a uniform and noncomplex structure into an increasingly complicated and diverse organism.
VON BAER'S LAW
84
- Fritz Muller and Ernst Haeckel
- Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny
- Developmental history of an organism from the zygote stage until it is ready for hatching or gestation, repeats phylogeny, which is the history of the evolution of the ancestors.
BIOGENETIC LAW OR RECAPITULATION THEORY
85
What is the difference between Von Baer's Law vs. Recapitulation Theory
Haeckel: Development stages recapitulate adult evolutionary stages
Von Baer: No recapitulation: embryo's development is increasingly diverse
86
Some cells can still be developed to organisms even if other cells are destroyed
MOSAIC THEORY
87
- Hans Driesch
- If one of cells is removed, the one left can still develop
REGULATIVE THEORY
88
It is inevitable that a fertilized egg will develop into an organism if there are no problem
CONCEPT OF INEVITABILITY AND FATE
89
There are a lot of genes that are important to result in differentiation
CONCEPT OF GENE REGULATION
90
- August Weissmann
- Egg and sperm contain genetic information, which is passed onto zygote
GERMPLASM THEORY
91
- Boveri, Child, Horstadius, Runnstrom, and Josefsson
- The genes would have different gradient that provide different signal, so that each cell would change
GRADIENT CONCEPT
92
- Hans Spemann and Hilde Mangold
- Dosal blastopore lip when transferred to the opposite side, it can produce another neural tube
ORGANIZER CONCEPT
93
- One group of cells, the inducing tissue, directs the development of another group of cells, the responding tissue
- presence of donor embryo -> host/irradiated embryo -> double axis/rescued induction
CONCEPT OF EMBRYONIC INDUCTION
94
- occurs before birth in mammals
- fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, organogenesis
- occurs within mother's body
Embryonic (Prenatal Development)
95
- occurs after birth in mammals
- growth, maturation, and differentiation
-occurs in external environment
Postembryonic (Postnatal) Development
