LE2 Flashcards
(365 cards)
1
Q
This Results to Delamination
A
Epiblast and Hypoblast
2
Q
Epiblast and Hypoblast Results to Delamination forming the
A
Primitive Streak Formation
3
Q
Type of Movement of Cells through the Primitive Streak
A
Invagination
4
Q
Moves Downward
A
Endoderm
5
Q
What Eventually regresses?
A
Embryonic Mesoderm
6
Q
Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm are mainly called the
A
Germ Layers
7
Q
Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm are also referred to as
A
Trilaminar Disc Formation
8
Q
Has undergone SPLITTING
A
Epiblast
9
Q
This forms when the Epiblast has underdone splitting
A
Embryonic Epiblast and Amniotic Ectoderm
10
Q
What results in the Proliferation of the Trophoblastic Cells
A
Thicker Layer of Cytotrophoblast
11
Q
Has distinct intercellular separations are called ______________________
A
Syncytiotrophoblast
12
Q
TRUE OR FALSE
Are cellular membranes lost in Syncytiotrophoblast?
A
TRUE
13
Q
Spaces in the Syncytiotrophoblast are called __________
A
Lacunae
14
Q
Proliferation of Blood Vessels forming the ____________
A
Placenta
15
Q
Composed of Intracellular Membranes
A
Blastocyst
16
Q
This has undergone splitting/delamination
A
Intracellular Membranes
17
Q
Result of splitting of Intracellular Membranes
A
Epiblast and Hypoblast
18
Q
What is the Epiblast and Hypoblast called?
A
Bilaminar Disc Formation
19
Q
What forms from the Hypoblast?
A
Extraembryonic Endoderm
20
Q
What forms from the Extraembryonic Mesoderm?
A
Yolk Sac (Endoderm)
21
Q
Another result from the Blastocyst
A
Trophoblast
22
Q
Proliferation from the Trophoblast that increases in Cell Population to form this
A
Cytotrophoblast
23
Q
This contains the original cells of the Trophoblast
A
Cytotrophoblast
24
Q
TRUE OR FALSE
Is the layer of the trophoblast responsible for the attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine lining?
A
TRUE
25
TRUE OR FALSE
The Uterine Lining is NOT HIGHLY CELLULAR.
FALSE, it is HIGHLY CELLULAR
26
Where does the Cytotrophoblast progress further into the Uterine Wall?
Syncytiotrophoblast
27
TRUE OR FALSE
Does the Syncytiotrophoblast have lost its cellular membranes?
TRUE
28
Result of Epiblast undergoing splitting and delamination
Embryonic Epiblast and Amniotic Ectoderm
29
Migration of Cells toward the Midline are called?
Embryonic Epiblast
30
What forms from the migration of Cells towards the Midline?
Primitive Streak
31
Result of Morphogenetic Movement from the Primitive Streak
Embryonic Endoderm, Embryonic Mesoderm, Notochordal Process
32
TRUE OR FALSE
Amniotic Ectoderm/Amnion, Extraembryonic Endoderm, Yolk Sac, and Components of the Cytotrophoblast are differentiations to the Syncytiotrophoblast and Extraembryonic Endoderm to form the large part of the Placenta?
TRUE
33
Which way does Oropharyngeal Membrane form in?
Anteriorly
34
Where does the cephalically migrating pre-notochordal cells pass through?
Primitive Node
35
Cross Section (Cranial Region; Invagination of Epiblast)
Site of Invaginating Cells
36
What forms when the cells migrate downward in the Invagination of the Epiblast?
a) Neural Crest Cells
b) Mesenchymal Cells
c) Trophoblast
d) Endodermal Cells
Endodermal Cells
37
TRUE OR FALSE
Do cells displace to the side to form the Yolk Sac?
TRUE
38
Hypoblastic layers are displaced to form the
Endodermal Cells
39
This occupies the Cavity/Blastocoel
Ingression
40
This is a result of Ingression
Mesodermal Cells
41
These are cells left on top
Ectodermal Cells
42
MIGRATE DOWNWARD:
INGRESSION:
LEFT ON TOP:
ENDODERMAL CELLS
MESODERMAL CELLS
ECTODERMAL CELLS
43
Site of Invaginating Cells in the Formation of the Notochord
Primitive Node
44
Direction of the Migration of Pre-notochordal Cells from the Primitive Node
Cephalically
45
Location where the migration of Pre-notochordal cells migrate to cephalically/cranially
Primitive Pit
46
This is the result of when pre-notochordal cells become intercalated in the Endoderm
Notochordal Plate
47
TRUE OR FALSE
Does the Notochordal Plate stay at the Midline?
TRUE
48
This results to when they intercalated notochord plate at the midline detach
Definitive Notochord
49
What are the three mesodermal sheets?
Paraxial Mesoderm
Intermediate Mesoderm
Lateral Plate Mesoderm
50
What day does the Mesodermal Sheets form?
19-Day Old
51
This expands to the sides
Intraembryonic Membrane
52
Forms outside the Embryonic Region
Extraembryonic Membrane
53
What day does the Mesoderm form at the Sides
17 Day Old
54
What day is the Formation of 3 Mesodermal Sheets
19 Day Old
55
Expands further to the Sides
Lateral Plate Mesoderm (Hypomere)
56
Found between the Paraxial and Lateral Plate Mesoderm
Intermediate Mesoderm (Mesomere)
57
Found at the sides of the Axial Mesoderm
Paraxial Mesoderm (Epimere)
58
What Day is the formation Lateral Plate when it is divided
20 Day Old
59
This is a result of the division of the Lateral Plate Mesoderm
Somatic/Parietal Mesoderm
Splanchnic/Visceral Mesoderm
60
What Day is the formation of the intraembryonic body cavity?
21 Day Old
61
This is also called the intraembryonic body cavity
Embryonic Coelom
62
This gives rise to future somites
Paraxial Mesoderm
63
This gives rise to future urogenital units
Intermediate Mesoderm
64
These are the components of Intermediate Mesoderm
Reproductive and Excretory System
65
Lateral Plate Mesoderm splits to form the
Somatic/Parietal Mesoderm
Splanchnic/Visceral Mesoderm
66
This is a result of Epithelialization of Cells around a Cavity
Flat, Tightly-packed Cells
67
What transition happens when tightly-packed cells become loosely-packed cells
Epithelial-mesenchymal Transition
68
Where do the cells migrate during the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition
a) Primitive Node
b) Nervous System, Skin, Adrenal Medulla
c) Notochord and Neural Tube
Notochord and Neural Tube
69
What forms during the migration of notochord and neural tube?
a) Neural Tube
b) Sclerotome
c) Endoderm
d) Intermediate Mesoderm
Sclerotome
70
Sclerotome:
Myotome:
Dermatome:
Innermost
Middle
Outermost
71
What composes the Myotome?
Dorsomedial + Ventrolateral
72
TRUE OR FALSE
Does the cells from the Dermatome remain between the Dorsomedial and Ventrolateral parts of the somite?
TRUE
73
These are secreted during Neurulation by the Floor Plate of the Neural Tube and Notochord
Sonic Hedgehog (Shh)
Noggin
74
TRUE OR FALSE
The shh and noggin are secreted by the Roof Plate of the Neural Tube and Notochord
FALSE. It is by the Floor Plate of the Neural Tube and Notochord
75
These are expressed by the Sclerotome
PAX1 Genes
76
These are controlled by the PAX1 Genes
Chondrogenesis and Vertebrae Formation
77
These are activated by the wnt Genes
PAX3 Genes
78
This demarcates in the region from the PAX3 Genes
Demomytome
79
This rises from the PAX3 Genes
a) Fascia and Bone
b) Bone and Bone Marrow
c) Muscle and Bone
d) Dermis and Muscle
Dermis and Muscle
80
This is expressed by the Neural Tube Roof
NT3 Genes
81
Where does the neural tube roof activate from by the NT3 Genes
Middorsal Portion
82
This is activated by the WNT and BMP4 Genes
MyoD Gene
83
What are the MyoD + and MYF5 Genes called?
Muscle Specific Genes
84
It is the cause that affects the formation of the Heart, Septum Transversum, Amnion, and Yolk Sac
Cephalocaudal Formation
85
Happens when the opening of the gut tube into the Yolk Sac NARROWS until it forms the Connection
Vitelline Duct
86
Where does the vitelline duct happen?
Open Midgut and Yolk Sac
87
The Vitelline Duct houses the ___________
Vitelline Blood Vessels
88
This forms Body Mesenteries
Somatic/Parietal Mesoderm
89
This rises to various visceral organs of the body
a) Splanchnic/Visceral Mesoderm
b) Somatic/parietal Mesoderm
c) Intermediate Mesoderm
d) Yolk Sac (endoderm)
Splanchnic/Visceral Mesoderm
90
This arises from the Intermediate Mesoderm
Mesonephros
91
Forms when the Parietal/Visceral Mesoderm Splits
Intraembryonic Cavity/Body Cavity
92
Runs from the Stomodeum down to the Proctodeum and Cloaca
Digestive Gut
93
Results from the Outpocketing of the Digestive Gut giving rise to the Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
Proctodeum/Cloaca
94
95
The Vitelline Gut is connected to the
Yolk Sac
95
Divisions of the Digestive Gut include the
Stomach and Intestines
95
This is the outpocketing of the Hindgut
Allantois
96
This originates from the Endodermal Layer
a) Allantois
b) Neural Tube
c) Slug Genes
d) Pharyngeal Pouch
Pharyngeal Pouch
97
This is also known as Branchial Arches
Pharyngeal Arches
98
This lines the Foregut
Pharyngeal Pouch
99
This comes from the Outside
Gill Slits/Pharyngeal Slits
100
These are the Bulges
Pharyngeal Arches/Brancheal Arches
101
Lines the Foregut
Comes from Outside
Are the Bulges
Pharyngeal Pouch:
Gill Slits/Pharyngeal Slits:
Pharyngeal Arches/Branchial Arches:
102
Pharynx gives rise to
Pharyngeal Pouches
103
Middle Ear
Pharyngeal Pouch I
104
Tonsils
Pharyngeal Pouch II
105
Parathyroid and Thymus
Pharyngeal Pouch III
106
Parathyroid and Postbranchial Bodies
Pharyngeal Pouch IV
107
Composed of Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder
Digestive Tube
108
Gives rise to the Urinary Bladder
Hindgut
109
Composed of Tranchea, Bronchi, and Lungs
Primitive Gut
110
TRUE OR FALSE
Hypoblast has endodermal components
TRUE
111
Composed of Neural Tube, Neural Crest Cells, and Epidermis
Ectoderm
112
Composed of Sweat Glands, Sebaceous Glands, Mammary Glands, Hair/Nails, Epidermal Placodes, Stomodeum, and Proctodeum
Epidermis
113
Components of the Epidermal Placodes
Lens Placode
Otic Placode
Olfactory Placode
114
Components of the Stomodeum
Oral Epithelium
Teeth Enamel
Rathke's Pouch
115
Composed of Brain, Spinal Cord, and its Associated Structures
Neural Tube
116
Formed at the Floor of the Diencephalon
Infundibulum
117
Components of the Pituitary Gland
Rathke's Pouch + Infundibulum
118
Composed of Cranial Sensory Ganglia, Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Ganglia, Spinal Dorsal Root Ganglia, Schwann Cells, Pigment Cells, Adrenal Medulla, and Teeth Dentin
Neural Crest Cells
119
What lines the Thoracic Cavity from the Somatic/Parietal Mesoderm?
Parietal Pleura
120
What lines the Pericardial Cavity from the Somatic/Parietal Mesoderm?
Parietal Pericardium
121
What lines the Peritoneal Cavity from the Somatic/Parietal Mesoderm?
a) Parietal Peritoneum
b) Decidual Basalis
c) Ovarian Cycle
d) Visceral Pleura
Parietal Peritoneum
122
What lines the Thoracic Cavity from the Splanchnic/Visceral Mesoderm?
Visceral Pleura
123
What lines the Peritoneal Cavity from the Splanchnic/Visceral Mesoderm?
a) Visceral Peritoneum
b) Ovarian Cycle
c) Primitive Gut
d) Visceral Pleura
Visceral Peritoneum
124
What is the result from the Epimyocardium
Epicardium
Myocardium
125
Composed of Endocardium, Endothelium of Blood Vessels, and Blood Corpuscles
Angiogenic Clusters
126
Composed of Connective Tissues, Smooth Muscles of Viscera, and Blood Vessels
Mesenchymal Cells
127
What happens to the Intermediate Mesoderm when the specimen is MALE
Mullerian Ducts Degenerate
Mesonephric Duct Persists
128
What happens to the Intermediate Mesoderm when the specimen is FEMALE
Mullerian Ducts Persist
Gives rise to Vagina, Oviducts, and Uterus
129
What are the 3 formations of the Paraxial Mesoderm
Sclerotome (Innermost)
Myotome (Middle)
Dermatome (Outermost)
130
Components of the Endoderm (Head Mesenchyme)
Digestive System
Respiratory System
131
Components of the Ectoderm (Head Mesenchyme)
Nervous System
Integumentary System
Sensory Structures
132
Component of the Lateral Plate Mesoderm (Head Mesenchyme)
Circulatory System
133
Components of the Intermediate Mesoderm (Head Mesenchyme)
- Urogenital System
- Excretory System
- Reproductive System
134
Components of the Adrenal Glands (Head Mesenchyme)
Neural Crest Cells
Muscular System
135
Components of the Paraxial Mesoderm (Head Mesenchyme)
Skeletal System
Muscular System
Integumentary System
Components of the Paraxial Mesoderm (Head Mesenchyme)
136
In the endocrine system, where is the Pituitary Gland arising from?
Ectoderm
137
In Adrenal Glands, where do Neural Crest Cells arise from?
Ectoderm
138
Neural Crest Cells are what type of cells?
Pluripotent Cells
139
What kind of transition do NCCs undergo?
Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition
140
When NCCs undergo final differentiation, what kind of signaling occurs?
Cell-to-Cell Signaling
141
What are the 2 Migratory Pathways?
Lateral Migration Pathway
Medial Migration Pathway
142
Lateral Migration Pathway produces what?
Melanocytes
143
Medial Migration Pathway produces what?
Dorsal Root Ganglia
Sympathetic Ganglia
144
What are the Overlapping Domains of NCCs?
Cranial NCCs
Cardiac NCCs
Vagal
Trunk
Lumbosacral
145
Cardiac NCCs are small subdomains of NCCs between what region?
Cranial and Vagal
146
The Septum forms between the
Pulmonary Arch
Aortic Arch
147
The endothelium is found in what layer of the Aortic Arch Arteries
Innermost Layer
148
What is the meaning of VTL?
Vagal, Trunk, Lumbosacral
149
It gives rise to various cell types depending on the migratory pathway
Vagal, Trunk, Lumbosacral (VTL)
150
Formed by Melanocytes, Neurons, Cartilages, Connective Tissues
Dorsolateral Pathway
151
Formed by Dorsal Root Ganglia, Sympathetic Ganglia, and Parasympathetic Ganglia
Ventral Pathway
152
Cranial NCCs are also responsible for making
Pharyngeal Arches
153
Cardiac NCCs have somites #
Somites 1 to 3
154
Trunk NCCs have somites #
Somites 6 to Tail
155
Vagal NCCs have somites #
Somites 1 to 7
156
Sacral NCCs have somites #
Posterior to Somite 28
157
This is where Adrenal Medulla is formed
Somites 18 to 24
158
Which way do Cardiac NCCs develop?
Downward
159
This is where the NCCs in the Head region form a collage of NCCs
Neck and Face
160
These are formed when NCCs migrate in the head region
Neck & Face
Pharyngeal Arches
Epipharyngeal Placodes
161
This is where the 1st Pharyngeal Arch is formed
a) Rhombomere 1 and 8
b) Rhombomere 1 and 10
c) Rhombomere 1 and 2
Rhombomere 1 and 2
162
This is where the 2nd Pharyngeal Arch is formed
Rhombomere 4
163
This is where the 3rd and 4th Pharyngeal Arch and Pouch is formed
Rhombomere 6
164
There is no Migration, they stay on either sides of the Rhombomere Mesoderm
Rhombomere 3 and 5
165
In Neural Plate formation, this is the High Concentration Level of BMPs
Epidermis
166
In Neural Plate formation, this is the Intermediate Concentration Level of BMPs
a) Ectoderm
b) Neural Crest Cells
c) Endoderm
d) Leydig Cells
Neural Crest Cells
167
In Neural Plate formation, this is the Low Concentration Level of BMPs
Neural Ectoderm
168
The Regulation of NCC induction interplayes with what proteins?
FGF and wnt Proteins
169
What proteins are exposed to the intermediate concentration of the regulation of NCC induction?
BMP + FGF + wnt Proteins
170
These are transcription factors induced by the regulation of NCC induction
PAX3 Genes
171
Its transcription factors are Neural Crest Cells
SNAIL and FOXD3 Genes
172
These promote NCC migration from the Neuroectoderm
SLUG Genes
173
TRUE OR FALSE
SLUG has already been activated before the closing due to the migration of NCCs away from the Neuroectoderm.
TRUE
174
TRUE OR FALSE
Low Concentration of BMP4 and BMP7 induces the expression of RhoB and Slug Genes
FALSE. Due to High Concentration
175
What are the high concentration genes that induce the expression of RhoB and SLUG Genes?
BMP4 and BMP7
176
This causes NCC to move in an amoeboid movement
Loss of Cell Adhesion Molecules
177
A counterpart when there are Loss of CAMs
N-Cadherin
178
These are path of NCCs controlled by the Extracellular Matrix
Promote Migration (SAMs)
Restrict Migration
179
This is contact guidance for migration pathway of embryonic cells
Promote Migration (SAMs)
180
This is when the path of NCC favors the aggression of NCCs in the Anterior Regions
Restrict Migration
181
These are proteins expressed in the posterior region of the sclerotome
Ephrin Proteins
182
Example of Chemotactic and Maintenance Factors
Stem Cell Factors
183
TRUE OR FALSE
Chemotactic and Maintenance Factors allow continuous proliferation of NCCs
TRUE
184
These are cell signaling factors in the Final Differentiation of Trunk NCCs
TGF-Beta Superfamily
Growth Factors
185
This is secreted by Embryonic Lungs, Heart, and Dorsal Aorta
BMP2
186
This is a Cell Signaling Factor where Adrenergic Neurons form in the Gut
Endothelin-3
187
These are NCCs that differentiate into Adrenomedullary Cells
Glucocorticoids
188
Results to Sympathetic Neurons from the final differentiation of NCCs
Fibroblast Growth Factors
189
These are examples of hox Genes
hox A
hox B
hox D
190
hox A:
hox B:
hox D:
Chromosome 6
Chromosome 11
Chromosome 2
191
What are the four groups of Implantation, Fetal Membrane, and Placentation?
Chorion
Amnion
Yolk Sac
Allantois
192
TRUE OR FALSE
In implantation, fetal membrane, and placentation, Nourishment, Protection, Respiration, and Excretion are its functions
TRUE
193
TRUE OR FALSE
Are Extraembryonic Mesoderms distinct from Embryonic Tissues?
FALSE. They are NOT DISTINCT
194
Types of Folds in the Development of Extraembryonic Membranes
Headfolds
Lateral Body Folds
Tail Folds
195
This is a structure where there is a Helmet or Hood forming over the developing embryo
Amnion
196
TRUE OR FALSE
Does the Amnion flare OUTWARD as the Chorion?
TRUE
197
What type of fold does the Amnion create?
Amnion Chorionic Fold
198
Amnion has
Ectoderm as:
Extraembryonic Mesoderm as:
Innermost
Outermost
199
Amnion and Chorion are what in origin?
Somatopleuric
200
This has endoderm as the innermost
Yolk Sac
201
This is the OUTPOCKETING of the Hindgut
Allantois
202
What is the lining of the Allantois?
Endoderm on the Inside
Extraembryonic on the Outside
203
Allantois + Yolk Sac =
Splanchnopleuric Origin
204
Amnion + Chorion =
Somatopleuric Origin
205
What does Oviparous mean?
Development outside the mother
206
What does Viviparous mean?
Development within the mother
207
Give an example of Viviparous and Oviparous develoiment
Oviparous: Chick Embryo
Viviparous: Mammalian Embryo
208
TRUE OR FALSE
In the Yolk Sac of mammalian embryos, is the yolk sac not evolutionary conserved?
FALSE. It is conserved.
209
Functions of the Yolk Sac
Site of Hematopoiesis
Change yolk into soluble materials for the Embryo
210
Functions of the Amnion
Enclose the Embryo in a Fluid-filled cavity (Amniotic Cavity)
Fluid makes the organs not to stick together
211
Main function of the Chorion in Chick Embryo
Exchange of Respiratory Gases
212
Main function of the Chorion in Mammalian Embryo
Respiration
Filtration
Hormone Production
213
This is an evagination from the ventral wall of the hindgut
Allantois
214
This is an efficient respiratory structure of the allantois after it has fused with the chorion
Chorioallantoic Membrane
215
What type of products do the following give:
Birds/Reptiles:
Humans:
Birds/Reptiles: Nitrogenous Wastes
Humans: Vascular network of Placenta
216
How many days does it take for the yolk Sac to be visible after fertilization?
10 Days
217
What makes up of the Umbilical Cord?
Connecting Stalk and Yolk Sac
218
What are the 2 types of Placentas
Deciduous Placenta
Non-deciduous Placenta
219
Define Deciduous Placenta
Deciduous Placenta:
Bloody Partuition
Intimate Contact
220
Define Non-deciduous Placenta
Non-deciduous Placenta:
Non-bloody Partuition
Loose Contact
221
Types of Shape and Distribution of Placental Villi
Diffuse
Cotyledonary
Zonary
Discoidal
222
Examples of the Types of Shape and Distribution of Placental Villi
Diffuse: Pig
Cotyledonary: Sheep/Deer/Cow
Zonary: Dogs/Cats
Discoidal: Humans/Rats
223
What are the 5 types of Placenta based on Histology
Epitheliochorial
Syndesmochorial
Endothemochorial
Hemochorial
Hemoendochorial
224
This is the:
Most superficial
Most Primitive
Has all three maternal layers conserved
Lacks significant invasion of Uterine Lining
Epitheliochorial
225
This is the:
Unusual Type
Endometrial Epithelium is removed at implantation
Syndesmochorial
226
This is the Maternal Uterine Epithelium and Connective Tissue
Endotheliochorial
227
This is the most invasive type
This results in bloody interactions
This has very thin points of interface
Hemochorial
228
Subtypes of Hemochorial Placentas
Hemomonochorial
Hemodichorial
Hemotrichorial
229
What are the two types of Tissue Barriers
Maternal Components
Fetal Components
230
What are the types of Blood Flow?
Epitheliochorial
Endotheliochorial
Hemochorial
231
This has all 6 tissue barriers
a) Ectodermal Cells
b) Paraxial Mesoderm
c) Epitheliochorial
d) Epicardium
Epitheliochorial
232
This is when only the maternal endothelium is retained
Endotheliochorial
233
This is when all maternal tissues are lost
a) Embryonic Coelom
b) Hemochorial
c) Intervillus Space
Hemochorial
234
This is a collective term for components of maternal tissues that are shed off
Decidua/Decidum./Decidual Cells
235
This is when the embryo is now a blastocyst during Fertilization in Implantation
4th to 5th day
236
These are the Blastocyst components during Implantation
Intracellular Matrix
Trophoblast
Blastocoel
237
How long does implantation take place during fertilization at the lining of the uterus
7 to 10 days
238
What are the parts of the Tubular Uterus
Central Lumen/Cavity
3 Tissue Layers
239
These are the 3 Tissue Layers of the Uterus
Endometrium
Myometrium
Perimetrium
240
This hormone works with hCG to achieve the syncytiotrophoblast
cAMP
241
What does cAMP stand for?
Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate
242
This is a hormone for pregnancy test
This starts to get secreted when the Blastocyst is in the Uterus
hCG
243
What does hCG stand for?
Human Chorionic Gonadrotopin
244
This is the combination of hormonally-active syncytiotrophoblast phenotype
This forms villi and become hormonally active
AMP + hCG
245
What does LIF stand for?
Leukemia Inhibitory Factor
246
This is responsible for implantation process
This balances the synthesis of hCG
TGF
247
What does TGF stand for?
Transformation Growth Factor
248
TRUE OR FALSE
TGF is responsible for the downregulation of hCG Synthesis and upregulation of TUN Secretion
TRUE
249
This is another type of substrate adhesion molecule and is secreted at the anchoring site
Trophouteronectin (TUN)
250
What does TUN Stand for?
Trophouteronectin
251
Give an example of the comparative chronology of gestation
Earliest: Rabbit/Swine
Middle: Mice/Humans
Latest: Horse
252
Give an example of the duration of comparative chronology of gestation
Earliest: Rabbit/Swine (Gastrula)
Middle: Mice/Humans (Blastula)
Latest: Horse (Organogenesis)
253
How long is the Gestation period in Humans?
270 Days, 280 at most
254
How long is the Definitive Placentation?
90 Days
255
This is the process of which the ampulla of oviduct travels down to the uterus
Implantation
256
How many days to determine that implantation is already in the Uterus?
4 to 5 Days
257
What happens in Day 0?
Fertilization
258
What happens in Day 1?
2-Cell
259
What happens in Day 2?
4-Cell
260
What happens in Day 3?
Early Morula
261
What happens in Day 4?
Advance Morula
262
What happens in Day 5?
Loss of Zona Pellucida, Transport to the Uterus
263
What happens in Day 7-10?
Implantation in Uterine Wall
264
What day is it when the blastocyst is freely exposed in the content of the Uterine Cavity
Day 6
265
What day is it when the attachment of the blastocyst implants itself to the endometrium of the uterus?
Day 7
266
This is when the trophoblast develops by dividing rapidly to make the trophoblast thicker
Day 8
267
This is when there is a formation of the amniotic cavity by spreading around the Endometrium
Day 9
268
What happens in the Amniotic Cavity?
Fluid-filled Chamber
269
What is the outer layer of cells
Trophoblast
270
This is when there is an invasion of syncytiotorophoblast
a) Formation of Chorionic Villi
b) Splanchnic/Visceral Mesoderm
c) Flat, Tightly-packed Cells
Formation of Chorionic Villi
271
This is when there are presence of mesenchymal cells
Previllous Stage
272
The core are now composed of Mesodermal Cells
2nd Week
273
This is when there is secondary and tertiary villi, and the primary villi branches out
3rd to 4th week
274
This can be primary, secondary, or tertiary villi
Chorionic Villi
275
This invades the intraembryonic area and will fuse with the Allantoic Duct
Villarous Capillaries
276
This will surround the allantoic duct and capillary villous. This connects the Developing Embryo and Developing Placenta to form the Connecting Stalk/Body Stalk
Chorion
277
These form from veinous capillaries.
Umbilical Arteries
278
This can form the urinary bladder
Allantois
279
This eventually becomes a remnant
Yolk Sac
280
These are chorionic cells/vesicle and can be overlaid by the Amnion
Decidual Cells (Maternal Surface)
281
This is the site of implantation
Decidual Basalis
282
This is the space between the villus
Intervillus Space
283
This is when tissues shed at birth. Extraembryonic tissues + superficial layers of the Endometrial Connective Tissues and Epithelium
Deciduum
284
This is lost at pregnancy and can be part of Ectopic Pregnancy
Decidua
285
Implantation can take place here and Basal Plate is formed. Composed of Chorionic Vesicle and Uterine Wall
Decidua Basalis (Vera)
286
This is a capsule around chorionic vesicle
Decidua Capsularis (Reflexa)
287
This is the remaining decidua and found at the opposite side of implantation
Decidua Parietalis
288
This is the side of chorion that is devoid
Smooth Chorion (Chorion Laeve)
289
This is a rough chorion, and Villi is Present
Chorionic Villi (Chorion Frondosum)
290
Develop into the fetus
Inner Cell Mass
291
This develops into the placenta and external membranes
Trophoblast
292
This is composed of the Spiral Arteries, Chorionic Villi, Outer Cytotrophoblast Villi, Decidua Capsularis, Placenta, Extraembryonic Coelom
Basic Structure of Placenta
293
Parts of the Umbilical Cord
Umbilical Arteries/Veins
Wharton's Jelly
294
What are the types of Twinning?
Identical Twinning
Fraternal Twinning
295
- This is when fetuses are the same sex
- 1 Placenta
- 1 Outer Membrane = 2 Amniotic Sacs
Identical Twinning
296
- May be different sexes
- 2 Separate Placentas
- 2 Separate Amniotic Sacs
Fraternal Twins
297
What is the function of the Progesterone in Placenta?
Maintenance of endometrial lining maintaining pregnancy
298
What is the function of the hPL in the placenta?
Growth, Lactation, Lipid, and Carbohydrate metabolism
299
What is the function of hCG in the placenta?
Maintains progesterone production until end of 1st semester
300
What are the two types of cycles
Estrous Cycle
Menstrual Cycle
301
Give an example of an animal where Estrous Cycle happens?
Lower Vertebrates (Cats)
302
Give a characteristic of the Estrous Cycle
- Period of Heat
- Only when the condition of the vagina promotes mating
303
Give an example of an animal where Menstrual Cycle happens?
Antropoid Primates including Humans
304
This cycle is a change that occurs that uterine cycle
Menstrual Cycle
305
This cycle is a change that occurs in the uterus
Ovarian Cycle
306
What are the stages of the estrous cycle?
Proestrus
Estrus
Metestrus
Diestrus
307
What happens in Proestrus stage?
Period of Preparation
308
What happens in the Estrus stage?
When Mating Occurs
309
What happens in the Metestrus stage?
Period of Repair
310
What happens in the Diestrus stage?
Uterus goes back to original state
311
What are the frequencies of Estrous Cycle?
Monoestrous
Diestrous
Polyestrous
312
How many cycles are there in monoestrous?
Single Estrous Cycle
313
How many cycles are there in polyestrous?
Several Estrous Cycle
314
What is the gonadotrophin hormone in Female and Male?
Estrogen
Testosterone
315
What happens in the Hormonal Control in Males within the Hypothalamus?
Hypothalamus synthesizes and release GnRH activating the Pituitary Gland
316
What happens in the Hormonal Control in Males within the Anterior Pituitary Gland?
Anterior Pituitary Gland secretes and expresses GnRH, FSH, and LH
317
What happens in the Hormonal Control in Males within the FSH?
This acts on Sertoli Cells to stimulate sperm maturization
318
What is the target organ of GnRH, FSH, and LH in Male Hormones?
Testis
319
What type of Cells does Luteinizing Hormone target in Males?
Leydig Cells
320
TRUE OR FALSE
LH is regulated by negative feedback mechanism
TRUE
321
What happens when the testosterone is higher than the set point?
If Testosterone is higher than the set point, it sends feedback regulation to the Hypothalamus or the Anterior Pituitary Cells secreting FSH and LH
322
What is the function of the Primary Sex Characteristic as a function of the testosterone?
Development of Organs and Sex Organs of the Reproductive System
323
What is the function of the Secondary Sex Characteristic as a function of the testosterone?
a) Endoderm on the Inside
Extraembryonic on the Outside
b) Physical and Behavioral Characteristics
c) Menstrual Cycle
d) Maternal Components
Fetal Components
Physical and Behavioral Characteristics
324
What happens in the Hormonal Control in Females within the Hypothalamus?
The Hypothalamus secretes GnRH and stimulate the Anterior Pituitary Gland to release FSH and LH
325
What happens in the Hormonal Control in Females within the Luteinizing Hormone?
It targets the theca cells in the ovary
326
What happens in the Hormonal Control in Females within the FSH?
It targets the granulosa cells secreting additional estrogen
327
TRUE OR FALSE
FSH is subject to positive feedback by Inhibin
FALSE. It is subject to negative feedback
328
What happens when the Estrogen is higher than the set point?
If the estrogen is higher than the set point, it sends negative feedback to the Hypothalamus and Anterior Pituitary Gland. This regulates the level of Blood GnRH, FSH, and LH
329
What is the Average and Maximum days in the Changes in Uterine Lining?
30 Days
35 Days
330
What is the cycle when there is a change in uterine lining?
Menstrual Cycle
331
What is the cycle when there is a change in the ovary?
Ovarian Cycle
332
How many days is the ovulation and release of mature oocytes in the change in uterine lining?
14 Days
333
What are the two types of phases in the Ovarian Cycle?
Luteal Phase
Folicular Phase
334
What days does the Follicular Phase happen in?
1 to 14 days
335
TRUE OR FALSE
The GnRH rapidly elevates during follicular phase
FALSE. It gradually elevates.
336
When does the FSH increase in the level of estrogen?
Middle of the Cycle
337
What happens in the ovarian cycle during positive regulation?
Increase in Estrogen Level
338
What happens in the increase in Estrogen Level?
Feedback to the Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
339
What happens when there is a steep increase in LH and FSH in the Ovarian Cycle?
Burst of Mature Follicle
340
TRUE OR FALSE
Luteinizing Hormone is the Hormone for Ovulation
TRUE
341
How many days does the Luteal Phase occur?
15 to 28 Days
342
What happens when there is a complete maturation in the Luteal Phase?
It gets ovulated
343
What happens after ovulation in the Luteal Phase?
Release of Oocytes
344
What fluid is released with the Oocyte during Luteal Phase?
Antral Fluid
345
What is left during the Luteal Phase?
Corpus Luteum
346
In the Ovarian Hormone Level, which hormone is the highest level first than the other?
Progesterone, then Estrogen
347
Pro means?
Support
348
Ges means?
Gestation
349
When does the Progesterone peak in the Luteal Phase?
Middle Part
350
What happens when LH and FSH decline during the Luteal Phase?
If LH and FSH declines towards the Luteal Phase, Corpus Luteum will no longer be declined and will undergo degeneration.
351
What happens when the corpus luteum degenerates in the Luteal Phase?
There is now a decline in the production of progesterone and estrogen
352
What happens when Progesterone and Estrogen goes down in the Luteal Phase?
This ends the luteal phase
353
What happens when the Level of Estrogen and Progesterone goes down below the set point?
When the level of the Estrogen and Progesterone goes down below the set point, it will send a feedback regulation to release GnRH and will activate the FSH and LH as a new batch of Follicle cells.
354
What corresponds with the Menstrual Phase and Proliferative Phase?
Corresponds with the Follicular Phase of the Ovarian Cycle
355
What happens in the Ovarian Hormone Level during the Follicular Phase
Increasing level of Estrogen
356
TRUE OR FALSE
High Level of Progesterone = High Level of Estrogen
TRUE
357
What is the function of the Progesterone and Estrogen during the Luteal Phase?
It maintains the integrity and thickness of the Uterine Lining
358
What will happen to the oocyte if it is not fertilized during the Luteal Phase?
If not fertilized, it will degenerate along with a decline in progesterone and estrogen levels. The endometrial lining will not be maintained.
359
What happens when the endometrial lining will not be maintained?
This will result into the bursting of blood vessels, denudation of endometrial lining with the glands
360
What is the final result of the Luteal Phase if the Oocyte is not fertilized?
Menstrual Flow
361
How long does the menstrual cycle typically last?
30 to 35 days
362
It is the interplay of GnRH, FSH, and LH and Progestone and Estrogen
Menstrual Cycle
363
TRUE OR FALSE
The secretory phase is the most disruptive phase in the Menstrual Cycle
FALSE. It is the most stable phase
