[LE1] Lecture 3 Flashcards

(124 cards)

1
Q

Development is more than just differentiation; it also includes ______________________ to construct the organized body form.

A

cell-to-cell communication

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2
Q

What are the 2 general populations of cells in developing embryos?

A

Epithelial cells and Mesenchymal cells

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3
Q
  • adhere to one another and can form sheets and tubes
  • similar to the epithelium that lines an organ
  • surface ectoderm
A

Epithelial cells

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4
Q

Migrate individually and form extensive extracellular matrices that can keep individual cells separate

A

Mesenchymal cells

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5
Q

Organs form by the interaction of __________________ and __________________ involves the cell surface

A

epithelium and mesenchyme

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6
Q

Tissue that produces a signal that changes behavior or other tissues

A

INDUCER

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7
Q

Signals are __________ factors secreted in the extracellular space

A

paracrine

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8
Q

Cells of tissues being induced

A

RESPONDER

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9
Q

Must have the _______________ protein for the inducing factor

A

receptor competent

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10
Q

The ability to respond to a specific inductive signal

A

COMPETENCE

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11
Q

Not a passive state but an __________ acquired condition

A

active

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12
Q

A ___________________ is a requirement for the responder to be induced

A

competent factor

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13
Q

In a developing eye, the optic vesicle is the ___________ for the lens

A

inducer

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14
Q

The two factors needed to induce the lens

A

otx2 and pax 6

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15
Q

Secrete what two to bind with lmaf and sox3 to develop the eye.

A

Fgf8 and BMP4

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16
Q

You need pax6 in _________________ only, not in optic vesicle

A

surface ectoderm

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17
Q

The malformation of the iris

A

Iridia

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18
Q

True or False:

The inducer can be induced

A

True

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19
Q

True or False:

Structure does not need to be fully differentiated to have a function

A

True

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20
Q

The optic vesicle responds and becomes the optic cup. The Wall differentiates into two layers: _______________________________

A

pigmented and neural retina

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21
Q

___________________ is aka the notochord

A

Chordamesoderm

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22
Q

The notochord is secreting factors to have the 2 differentiate (late gastrula):

A

neural plate and epidermis

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23
Q

TYPES OF INDUCTION:

Definition based on the type of response

A

Instructive induction
Permissive induction

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24
Q

TYPES OF INDUCTION:

Definition based on distance between cell producing a morphogen and cells responding to morphogen

A

Paracrine system
Juxtacrine system
Autocrine system

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25
Signal from the inducing cell is necessary for initiating new gene expression in the responding cell.
Instructive interaction
26
Xenopus optic vesicle experimentally placed under a new region of head ectoderm causes that region of the ectoderm to form a _______. What interaction is this?
lens Instructive interaction
27
Responding tissue has already been specified and needs only an environment that allows the expression of these traits
Permissive induction
28
Extracellular matrix does not alter the type of cell that is produced, but it enables what has already been determined to be expressed What induction is this?
Permissive
29
issues are already specified and will only need the environment to change these traits and develop them
Permissive
30
What induction is this: Neural plate, even if internalizing, will still become the neural tube; it is specified to become that neural tube
Permissive
31
Mesenchymal and Epithelial Component of Cutaneous structures (hair, feathers, sweat glands, mammary glands)
Mesenchymal: Epidermis (ectoderm) Epithelial: Dermis (mesoderm)
32
Mesenchymal and Epithelial Component of Limbs
Mesenchymal: Epidermis (ectoderm) Epithelial: Mesenchyme (mesoderm)
33
Mesenchymal and Epithelial Component of Kidney
Mesenchymal: Ureteric bud (mesoderm) Epithelial: Mesenchyme epithelium (mesoderm)
34
What specificity where galing si mesenchyme that will manifest: Ex. Wing mesenchyme add wing epithelium, you will get wing feather
REGIONAL SPECIFICITY OF INDUCTION
35
Epithelium response is _________-specific
species
36
- Organ of the donor will be expressed - Frog and newt, the epithelium is transplanted, and it still develops to become part of the donor; the resulting epithelial ectodermal organ will be derived from the donor
GENETIC SPECIFICITY OF INDUCTION
37
In Inductive signaling and cadherin regulation in insect tracheal development: - Btl would activate the ____________ cell then it will produce your __________ tree, then with continuous secretion - from cuboidal to __________ cell, they transition - removing the _________ so it could move from outside to inside, removing cadherin that attaches cells so they could migrate
leader tracheal cuboidal adherin
38
Long-range models of cell-to-cell communication are your _____________ signaling
paracrine
39
Local-range models of cell-to-cell communication are your ________________ signaling
juxtacrine
40
____________ FACTORS: ____________ secreted by cells can diffuse and act on cells that have appropriate receptors
PARACRINE Morphogens
41
PARACRINE FACTORS: Cells may respond differently to different ________________ of morphogen
concentrations
42
If 300 occupied activin receptors, __________________ can be expressed If 100 occupied activin receptors, _______ can be expressed Below 100, ___________ will be expressed
goosecoid xbra nothing
43
Regulation of transcription factors: - Always present in _______ (Sp1 factor) - Active whenever a cell acquires them by _______________________ (Bicoid protein or by induction (Pax6) - Function are activated by ___________________________
cells cytoplasmic localization cell signal transduction (MITF)
44
Regulation of the cytoskeleton - Cells responding to ____________ factors alter their shape or are permitted to migrate
paracrine
45
4 PARACRINE FACTOR FAMILIES
1. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 2. Hedgehog family 3. Wnt family 4. TGF-ß super-family family
46
Fgf1 (acidic FGF) - important during _________________ Fgf2 (basic FGF) - _____________formation Fgt7 (______________ factor) - _____________ development Fgf8 ______ formation and _________________
1: regeneration 2: blood vessel 7: keratinocyte growth, skin 8: limb, lens induction
47
__________ is important; they are the limb, lens, pharynx, and isthmus mesencephalon metencephalon If this is absent, the limb will not form
Fgf 8
48
Fgf8 is sufficient in inducing lens formation by inducing the ______________ to express _________
ectoderm L-Mat (lens associated transcription factor)
49
Mutated FGFR3: - Produce _______ that inhibits your cell cycle, then your cartilage will not develop, can affect bones - Breaking bone produces more _____________
P21 osteoblast
50
Sertoli cells of the testes
Desert hedgehog (dhh)
51
gut and cartilage and is important in postnatal bone growth
Indian hedgehog (ihh)
52
Motor neurons only come from the ventral portion of ______________________
neural tubes
53
____________ forms the vertebrae
Somite
54
Encoded in a gene in your body is a protein that ensures your organs form in the right places. Both the gene and the protein are called ______________
Sonic hedgedog (SHH)
55
Family of cysteine-rich glycoproteins
WNT FAMILY
56
Critical in establishing the polarity of _________, promoting the ______________ of stem cells, and several steps in _____________ system development
limbs, proliferation, urogenital
57
________ is needed to induce the dorsal cells of somites to become muscle and is involved in specification of the ____________
Wnt1, midbrain WNT1 - somites will be divided into 3: the dermatome, myotome, sclerotome
58
- ______________ is the outermost and will be part of your dermis - ______________ will be muscles; it needs to have the factor of wnt1 signaling for it to become that - _____________ part of your vertebrate
Dermatome Myotome Sclerotome
59
Wnt process is promotion and will lead to ___________ and then promotion again
inhibition
60
_______ FOR KIDNEY DEVELOPMENT AND FEMALE SEX DIFFERENTIATION
WNT4
61
TGF-SUPERFAMILY Includes over 30 structurally related members:
1. TGF-family 2. Activin family 3. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) 4. Nodal proteins 5. Vg1 family 6. Other related proteins
62
Regulating the formation of the extracellular matrix and regulating cell division
TGF-B-1, 2, 3 and 5
63
Critical in controlling where and when epithelial branches form the ducts of kidneys, lungs, and salivary glands
TGF-B-1, 2, 3 and 5
64
_____ family are mostly for regulating cell division and how the epithelial cells branch, and form the lining of ducts
TGF-
65
Regulates processes such as folliculogenesis, spermatogenesis, and pregnancy
ACTIVIN FAMILY: Mediates mesoderm induction
66
Biological roles have been proposed in a number of reproductive organs, including the gonads, uterus, and pituitary glands.
ACTIVIN FAMILY: Mediates mesoderm induction
67
TGF-SUPERFAMILY - BMP Family: Distinguished by having _________________ regions
seven conserved cysteines
68
Functions of TGF- SUPERFAMILY - BMP Family
Regulation of cell division Apoptosis Cell migration Cell differentiation
69
BMP __ -not a member but is a protease BMP __ - bone formation, cell death, and epidermal specification BMP __ -neural tube polarity, kidney development, and sperm formation
BMP1 BMP4 BMP7 1: protease 4: epidermis 7: kidney
70
Tgf family is similar to FGF; all promotion until transcription occurs. The Smad pathway is activated by _____________________.
TGF-2superfamily ligands
71
(A) An activation complex is formed by binding the ________ by the type I and type II receptors, which allows the type II receptor to phosphorylate the type I receptor on particular serine or threonine residues. The phosphorylated type I receptor protein can now phosphorylate the Smad proteins.
ligand
72
(B) Those receptors that bind TGF-2family proteins or members of the activin family __________________ Smads 2 and 3. Those receptors that bind to BMP family proteins phos- phorylate Smads 1 and 5. These Smads can complex with Smad4 to form active transcription factors.
phosphorylate
73
Programmed ______________ is a normal part of development
cell death
74
Apoptosis is necessary for proper spacing and orientation of ___________, generating of _________, degeneration of ____________ structures, and _____________ of complex organs
neurons, lumen, unneeded, sculpting
75
Proteins from the inducing cell interact with receptor proteins of adjacent refusing from the elut producing it
JUXTACRINE INTERACTION FOR CELL IDENTITY
76
Widely used families: - ________________ which bind to a family of ligands, often the Delta protein - __________ and __________ receptors
Notch proteins eph and ephrin
77
Ë Preparation of single-cell alkaline suspensions from the three gert-ayer of amphibian embryos after neural tube formation Ë pH is neutralized, and cells start to adhere again to each other
SELECTIVE AFFINITY
78
- (A) Epidermis is always ___________ and mesoderm is always ___________ - (B) Mesoderm + endoderm = mesoderm is __________ with endoderm - (C) epidermis __________ the mesoderm but not entirely the endoderm
outside, inside internalized enclose
79
Model that sought to explain patterns of cell sorting based on thermodynamic principles
Differential Adhesion Hypothesis
80
Higher the surface tension, the more internalized the organ will be. Rank the tissues.
Limb bud | Pigmented Epithelium | Heart | Liver | Neural Retin
81
Boundaries between tissues are created by different cell types having different types and amounts of _______________ molecules
cell adhesion
82
Cadherins (calcium-dependent adhesion molecules) are: - Critical for establishing and maintaining ________________ connections - Crucial to the ___________________ of cell types - _________________ of animal form
intracellular spatial segregation Organization
83
Cadherin Function: External domain serves to _________ cells together
adhere
84
Cadherin Function: Cadherins link to and help assemble the ____________________
actin cytoskeleton
85
Cadherin Function: Serve to ____________________________ that lead to changes in a cell's gene expression.
initiate and transduce signals
86
Inhibition of function or synthesis can prevent the ______________ of epithelial tissues and cause the cells to disaggregate
formation
87
helps the placenta stick to the uterus
P-cadherin
88
expressed on the developing CNS and may mediate neural signals
N-cadherin
89
critical in retina formation
R-cadherin
90
lacks attachment to the actin cytoskeleton by Catenins
Protocadherins
91
The more cadherins on the opposing cell surfaces, the _________ the adhesion
tighter
92
- If there are more P, the interactions are __________ than E - Equal amount of P and E they ______________ - If there are more E, P moves in, and they tend to __________ more to each other
stronger segregate attach
93
- Always N cadherin are mostly higher, so it is linear - More N cadherin means _________ surface tension, allowing it to move inside the segregation cells - P cadherin are ________, on the other hand
higher lesser
94
When there are 2 different populations, they don't easily aggregate, they have borders, and they should not be __________ with one another
mingling
95
- When N cadherin is expressed, the _______________ will form - When there is no N cadherin, you will not form a neural tube because you don't have cadherin that would allow the presumptive neural tube to internalize; this will then lead to the malformation of CNS
neural tube
96
An insoluble network consisting of macromolecules secreted by cells
EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX
97
Cell ___________, cell ____________, and the ______________________________ all depend on the ability of cells to form attachments to extracellular matrices.
adhesion migration formation of epithelial sheets and tubes
98
Important role in the delivery of paracrine factors Ë Mutations prevent cell migration, morphogenesis, and differentiation
PROTEOGLYCANS
99
Consist of core proteins (e.g., syndecan) attached to ____________________ polysaccharide side chain
glycosaminoglycan
100
Consist of core proteins (e.g., syndecan) attached to glycosaminoglycan polysaccharide side chain Ë ____________ sulfate - bind many members of paracrine families Ë ______________ sulfate
Heparan Chondroitin
101
Very large glycoprotein dimer serving as a general adhesive molecule for cells (cell to cell, cell to substrate)
FIBRONECTIN
102
Important role as well in cell migration - Germ cells to gonads - Heart cells to the midline of the embryo
FIBRONECTIN
103
Major components of the basal lamina of the epithelial tissue
LAMININ AND TYPE IV COLLAGEN
104
Adhesion of ______________ cells to laminin > adhesion of ________________ cells to fibronectin
epithelial mesenchymal
105
Laminin: Functions in assembling the ECM* promoting cell __________________, changing cell __________, and permitting cell _____________
adhesion and growth shape migration
106
Can bind to both proteins inside and outside the cells
INTEGRINS
107
Arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD) is found in several adhesive proteins in the extracellular matrix (fibronectin, vitronectin, and laminin)
Extracellular
108
talin and a-actinin (both connective to actin microfilaments)
Intracellular
109
Critical for inducing specific gene expression in developing tissue, especially those of the liver, testis, and mammary glands
INTEGRIN CELL SIGNALING
110
Bound integrin prevents the activation of genes that promote ______________
apoptosis
111
_______________ can survive and differentiate if they are surrounded by ECM and bound to it
Chondrocytes
112
___________ - death-on-detachment occurs if binding will not occur
Anoikis
113
Gap junctions serve as __________________ channels between adjacent cells. Only small molecules (<1500 kD) and ions can freely pass from one cell to another.
communication
114
Initiated when paracrine factors from neighboring cells activate gene expression in target cells
EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION
115
- Downregulate ______________ - Release attachment to __________ - Rearrange __________________________ - Secrete new ECM characteristic of _______________ cells
cadherins laminin actin cytoskeleton mesenchymal
116
1. Formation of __________ neural tube 2. Formation of ______________ in chick embryos 3. Formation of _____________ from sclerotome
dorsal mesoderm vertebrae
117
(A) Normal epithelial cells are attached through ____________ junctions containing cadherin, catenins, and actin rings. They are attached to the basal lamina through integrins.
adherens
118
Paracrine factors can repress the expression of genes that encode these cellular components, causing the cell to lose ___________, lose attachment to the ________________, and lose ___________ with other epithelial cells.
polarity, basal lamina, cohesion
119
__________________________ occurs, as well as the secretion of ____________ that degrades the basal lamina and other extracellular matrix components of the basement membrane, enabling the migration of the newly formed mesenchymal cell.
Cytoskeletal remodeling, proteases
120
EMT is seen in vertebrate embryos during the normal formation of neural crest from the dorsal region of the neural tube and the formation of the mesoderm by mesenchymal cells _______________ from the epiblast
delaminating
121
________________ has a paracrine that allows gene transcription
Autoinduction
122
MAINTAINING OPEN CHROMATIN STRUCTURE: Has a structure _____________ protein to prevent nucleosome from forming
trithorax
123
AUTOCRINE REGULATION (COMMUNITY EFFECT): Proteins that were translated, bonds to the same ___________
receptor
124
NEIGHBOR-NEIGHBOR STIMULATION: - Factor secreted by one cell binds to the receptor of the neighboring cell, and then the protein produced by the induced cell goes back to induce the original cell - A ____________ pathway
cyclical