Finals

Question 1

Refers to moral principles that guide the behavior of political leaders.

Answer 1

Political Ethics

Question 2

Process of making and implementing decisions in government

Answer 2

Governance

Question 3

Ensures that principles are upheld in public service

Answer 3

Ethical Leadership

Question 4

Core Values of Ethical Leadership

Answer 4

Integrity
Accountability
Rule of Law

Question 5

Refers to acting according to strong moral principles, even without external pressure.

Answer 5

Integrity

Question 6

Example: A senator refuses to misuse government funds.

Answer 6

Integrity

Question 7

Refers to owning up to decisions and being answerable to the public.

Answer 7

Accountability

Question 8

Example: A barangay captain resigns after misuse of funds.

Answer 8

Accountability

Question 9

Refers to acting within the legal framework.

Answer 9

Rule of Law

Question 10

Example: A governor respects a court order, even if it halts a popular project.

Answer 10

Rule of Law

Question 11

Refers to the abuse of power for personal gain

Answer 11

Corruption

Question 12

Act of offering or receiving informal payments or gifts to influence decisions from public officials.

Answer 12

Bribery

Question 13

Example: A contractor makes an under-the-table agreement with a government official to secure a project without proper bidding.

Answer 13

Bribery

Question 14

The practice of favoring relatives or family members in hiring or promotion decisions, regardless of their qualifications.

Answer 14

Nepotism

Question 15

Example: A mayor appoints his unqualified cousin as the head of the local health office and ignores more qualified applicants.

Answer 15

Nepotism

Question 16

Fictitious projects or inflated project costs used to divert public funds for personal gain.

Answer 16

Ghost Projects

Question 17

Example: Government funds for a school building are stolen by corrupt officials, and the building is never constructed.

Answer 17

Ghost Projects

Question 18

The exchange of money, goods, or services for votes during elections

Answer 18

Vote Buying

Question 19

Example: During elections, a political candidate distributes cash envelopes or grocery items to voters in exchange for their votes.

Answer 19

Vote Buying

Question 20

Concentrating political power within a single family across generations.

Answer 20

Political Dynasty

Question 21

Example: A province is governed by members of the same family for decades, with positions taken
between spouses, siblings, and children.

Answer 21

Political Dynasty

Question 22

Common Forms of Corruption in the Philippines

Answer 22

Bribery
Nepotism
Ghost Projects
Vote Buying
Political Dynasty

Question 23

What Can Citizens Do?

Answer 23

*Vote Responsibly
*Engage in Public Assemblies and Consultations
*Report Corruption
*Demand Transparency
*Promote Political Ethics
*Support Accountability Institutions

Question 24

Example: Vote for a mayor who prioritizes education reform over a person who promises giveaways.

Answer 24

Vote Responsibly

Question 25

Example: Participate in a barangay assembly to discuss local infrastructure needs.

Answer 25

Engage in Public Assemblies and Consultations

Question 26

Example: Report a bribery attempt by a government employee through the 8888 Citizen’s Complaint Hotline.

Answer 26

Report Corruption

Question 27

Example: Ask your city council to publicly disclose the spending of public funds on local infrastructure projects.

Answer 27

Demand Transparency

Question 28

Example: Host a community workshop to discuss how to identify and prevent corruption.

Answer 28

Promote Political Ethics

Question 29

Example: Support initiatives that encourage public access to government spending records through Freedom of Information (FOI) requests.

Answer 29

Support Accountability Institutions

Question 30

Businesses, cultures, technologies, and individuals become interconnected and interact across national borders.

Answer 30

Globalization

Question 31

Ethical Issues of Globalization

Answer 31

*Exploitation of Labor *Child Labor and Forced Labor *Job Displacement in Developed Countries *Widening Economic Inequality

Question 32

Companies seek the cheapest labor available, often in countries with poor labor protections.

Answer 32

Exploitation of Labor

Question 33

Example: In 2013, the Rana Plaza building in Bangladesh collapsed, resulting in the deaths of over 1,100 garment workers. It showed how unsafe factories are for workers making clothes for global brands like Primark and Walmart.

Answer 33

Exploitation of Labor

Question 34

To reduce costs, some global supply chains exploit vulnerable individuals, including children and marginalized workers, who may face dangerous work conditions and be denied basic rights.

Answer 34

Child Labor and Forced Labor

Question 35

Example: Cocoa production in West Africa often involves children working on plantations that supply major chocolate companies like Nestlé and Mars.

Answer 35

Child Labor and Forced Labor

Question 36

Outsourcing jobs to cheaper labor markets can lead to unemployment or wage stagnation in higher-income countries

Answer 36

Job Displacement in Developed Countries

Question 37

Example: U.S. manufacturing jobs have been lost to overseas production, particularly in the steel, textile, and electronics sectors, leading to economic decline in industrial communities

Answer 37

Job Displacement in Developed Countries

Question 38

The gains are often unevenly distributed. Corporations and elite groups benefit significantly, while many workers remain in poverty.

Answer 38

Widening Economic Inequality

Question 39

Example: Apple earns massive profits, while workers assembling iPhones at Foxconn factories in China report long hours and low wages

Answer 39

Widening Economic Inequality

Question 40

Examines the various aspects of identity, such as gender, race, class, sexuality, and ability

Answer 40

Intersectional Ethics

Question 41

Core Principles of Intersectional Ethics

Answer 41

*Multiple Identities *Interconnected System of Power *Social Justice and Equity

Question 42

Overlapping identities that shape their experiences.

Answer 42

Multiple Identities

Question 43

Different forms of disadvantage, such as economic hardship and disability

Answer 43

Interconnected Systems of Power

Question 44

Calls for tailored policies that address the specific needs of marginalized groups

Answer 44

Social Justice and Equity

Question 45

Example: A transgender woman may face different challenges than a cisgender woman, particularly in accessing healthcare services.

Answer 45

Multiple Identities

Question 46

Example: A person who is both experiencing poverty and living with a disability may face challenges that are not fully captured by looking at one factor alone.

Answer 46

Interconnected Systems of Power

Question 47

Example: Expanding access to affordable healthcare can help meet the diverse needs of individuals across different communities.

Answer 47

Social Justice and Equity

Question 48

Coined the term "intersectionality" and known for her 1989 law review article, Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex.

Answer 48

Kimberlé Crenshaw

Question 49

Highlighted how race, gender, and other factors intersect in social justice issues

Answer 49

Intersectionality

Question 50

Moral theory that emphasizes relationships, empathy, and the responsibility to care for others

Answer 50

Ethics of Care

Question 51

Key Concepts of the Ethics of Care

Answer 51

*Relational and Interdependent Nature *Moral Importance of Emotions *Responsibility to Care

Question 52

Example: In healthcare, a doctor listens to a patient's concerns and offers comfort, not just treatment, to strengthen the doctor-patient bond.

Answer 52

Relational and Interdependent Nature

Question 53

Example: In education, teachers who show empathy and support struggling students foster emotional and academic growth.

Answer 53

Moral Importance of Emotions

Question 54

Example: Caregivers who ensure the elderly receive proper medical attention fulfill this ethical responsibility through compassionate action.

Answer 54

Responsibility to Care

Question 55

Challenged traditional male centered models of moral development. She is best known for her book In a Different Voice (1982)

Answer 55

Carol Gilligan

Question 56

Argues that women’s moral reasoning emphasizes care, relationships, and context over abstract justice principles.

Answer 56

In a Different Voice (1982)

Question 57

Examines how humans should treat animals and the moral implications of our actions towards them.

Answer 57

Animal Ethics

Question 58

Core Principles of Animal Ethics

Answer 58

*Moral Consideration for Animals *Animal Rights *Animal Welfare

Question 59

Questions whether animals have moral status and whether their well-being should influence human decisions.

Answer 59

Moral Consideration for Animals

Question 60

Example: In wildlife conservation, decisions about land use must consider the impact on animal habitats and populations.

Answer 60

Moral Consideration for Animals

Question 61

Argues that animals have inherent rights, such as the right to life and freedom from suffering, which should be legally protected.

Answer 61

Animal Rights

Question 62

Ensures animals are treated humanely

Answer 62

Animal Welfare

Question 63

Example: Ethical guidelines in research require that animals experience minimal pain and distress and be used only when necessary

Answer 63

Animal Welfare

Question 64

Australian philosopher best known for his book Animal Liberation (1975)

Answer 64

Peter Singer

Question 65

Argues for the ethical treatment of animals and challenges society’s views on animal rights.

Answer 65

Animal Liberation (1975)

Question 66

Organizations that ensure government accountability and transparency.

Answer 66

Commission on Audit (COA) Office of the Ombudsman Freedom of Information Act

Question 67

Exchange of money, goods, or services for votes during elections, thus compromising the democratic process.

Answer 67

Vote Buying

Question 68

Corporations and elite groups benefit significantly, while many workers remain in poverty.

Answer 68

Widening Economic Inequality