Midterms

Question 1

Moral values are shaped by social, cultural, and individual perspectives.

Answer 1

Ethical Relativism

Question 2

Establishes its ethical framework, and
cultural traditions dictate what is considered morally acceptable

Answer 2

Cultural Determination of Ethics

Question 3

Norms, values, and historical contexts of a particular society shape moral judgments.

Answer 3

Influence of Social Norms and Context

Question 4

Examples of Ethical Relativism

Answer 4

Dietary Practices
Arrange Marriage

Question 5

Criticism of Ethical Relativism

Answer 5

Justification of Ethical Practices
Prevention of Moral Progress
Moral Inconsistency

Question 6

Discourages critical examination of harmful practices

Answer 6

Prevention of Moral Progress

Question 7

Asserts that certain ethical principles are universal and unchanging

Answer 7

Moral Absolutism

Question 8

Main Features of Moral Absolutism

Answer 8

Universal Moral Principle
Independence from Cultural Influence
Inherent Right and Wrong

Question 9

Apply to all individuals equally, regardless of culture, period, or personal beliefs.

Answer 9

Universal Moral Principle

Question 10

Exist independently of societal norms or
traditions.

Answer 10

Independence from Cultural Influence

Question 11

Certain actions are inherently immoral, regardless of circumstances.

Answer 11

Inherent Right and Wrong

Question 12

All individuals have fundamental rights
that should be upheld.

Answer 12

Universal Human Rights

Question 13

Taking another person’s life without justification is
universally condemned

Answer 13

Murder is wrong

Question 14

Examples of Moral Absolutism

Answer 14

Universal Human Rights
Murder is wrong

Question 15

Criticism of Moral Absolutism

Answer 15

Lack of Flexibility
Difficulty in Solving Dilemmas
Interpretation Variation

Question 16

The ability to make choices independently, without being entirely controlled by external forces

Answer 16

Free Will

Question 17

Individuals have control over their decisions

Answer 17

Autonomy

Question 18

People can distinguish right from wrong and are accountable for their choices.

Answer 18

Ethical Responsibility

Question 19

Biological or environmental factors do not entirely determine human actions.

Answer 19

Independence

Question 20

Main features of Free Will

Answer 20

Autonomy
Ethical Responsibility
Independence

Question 21

Examples of Free Will

Answer 21

Choosing a career
Moral Choices
Personal Growth
Voting in elections

Question 22

Suggest that brain activity may determine choices before conscious awareness.

Answer 22

Neuroscience

Question 23

Decisions may still be influenced by genetics, upbringing, and societal norms.

Answer 23

External Influences

Question 24

Criticism of Free Will

Answer 24

Neuroscience
External Influence
Extreme Situations

Question 25

The obligation to act in accordance with ethical principles. Means recognizing how decisions affect others

Answer 25

Moral Responsibility

Question 26

Main features of Moral Responsibility

Answer 26

Agency Accountability Intentionality Awareness Capacity

Question 27

Examples of Moral Responsibility

Answer 27

Helping a stranger in need Apologizing for a mistake Parenting Environmental stewardship

Question 28

Criticisms of Moral Responsibility

Answer 28

Determinism Moral Luck Mental Health and Capacity

Question 29

Suggests that all events, including human actions, are caused by prior conditions

Answer 29

Determinism

Question 30

Main Features of Determinism

Answer 30

Casuality of Action Shaping of Behavior Question of Free Will

Question 31

Examples of Determinism

Answer 31

Genetic Influence Psychological Trauma

Question 32

Criticism of Determinism

Answer 32

Moral Accountability Complex Decision-Making Capacity for Change

Question 33

Governs decision-making processes and ensures that companies operate with integrity and fairness.

Answer 33

Business Ethics

Question 33

Ensure product safety and avoid deceptive marketing.

Answer 33

Consumer Protection

Question 34

Main Principles of Business Ethics

Answer 34

Honesty and Transparency Fair Treatment of Employees Consumer Protection Corporate Governance

Question 35

Focuses on the ethical obligations of businesses toward social and environmental well-being.

Answer 35

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

Question 36

Key Areas of CSR

Answer 36

Environmental Sustainability Community Engagement Ethical Labor Prices Philanthropy

Question 37

Examples of CSR Initiatives

Answer 37

Eco Friendly Packaging Fair Trade Practices

Question 38

Benefits of Business Ethics in and CSR

Answer 38

Consumer Trust Employee Morale Investor Confidence Long-Term Profitability

Question 39

Branch of philosophy that focuses on the moral relationship between humans and the natural environment

Answer 39

Environmental Ethics

Question 40

Values nature only values nature only for its usefulness and assumes human superiority

Answer 40

Anthropocentrism

Question 41

Example: Governments allow deforestation to expand cities and boost the economy.

Answer 41

Anthropocentrism

Question 42

Recognizes the intrinsic value of all living things

Answer 42

Biocentrism

Question 43

Example: Wildlife conservation laws protect endangered species, even without human benefits.

Answer 43

Biocentrism

Question 44

Prioritizes entire ecosystems, including living and non-living elements.

Answer 44

Ecocentrism

Question 45

Example: Governments ban mining in protected areas to preserve biodiversity.

Answer 45

Ecocentrism

Question 46

Clearing forests, destroys habitats

Answer 46

Deforestation

Question 47

Example: A logging company cuts down a rainforest, which endangers wildlife and displaces indigenous people.

Answer 47

Deforestation

Question 48

Pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and global warming

Answer 48

Climate Change

Question 49

Example: Rising sea levels flood coastal cities, which force people to relocate.

Answer 49

Climate Change

Question 50

Dumping toxic waste into water

Answer 50

Water Pollution

Question 51

Example: A factory dumps chemicals into a river, which kills fish and contaminates drinking water.

Answer 51

Water Pollution

Question 52

Excessive fishing depletes fish populations and disrupts marine ecosystems.

Answer 52

Overfishing

Question 53

Example: A country enforces fishing limits after tuna populations drop.

Answer 53

Overfishing

Question 54

Factory farming and poaching threaten animal welfare and conservation.

Answer 54

Animal Rights

Question 55

Example: A wildlife group fights elephant poaching for ivory.

Answer 55

Animal Rights

Question 56

Ensures economic growth without causing long-term harm to the environment

Answer 56

Economic Sustainability

Question 57

Focuses on protecting natural resources and ecosystems

Answer 57

Environmental Sustainability

Question 58

Promotes fairness, equality, and access to essential services

Answer 58

Social Sustainability

Question 59

Role of Individuals in Sustainable Development

Answer 59

Reduce, reuse, and recycle Conserve energy and water Support sustainable businesses Raise awareness

Question 60

Main Features of Ethical Relativism

Answer 60

Rejection of Universal Moral Standards Cultural Determination of Ethics Influence of Social Norms and Context