finals 2 Flashcards
(142 cards)
1
Q
The liver is an organ about the size of a WHAT
A
football.
2
Q
The liver is sits just under the WHAT
A
the rib cage on the right side of the abdomen.
2
Q
The liver is essential for WHAT
A
digesting food and ridding the body of toxic substances.
3
Q
is the largest solid organ and the largest gland in the human body.
A
The liver
4
Q
liver It carries out over HOW MANY essential tasks.
A
over 500 essential tasks.
4
Q
Classed as part of the digestive system
A
liver
4
Q
the roles of the liver include WHAT
A
detoxification, protein synthesis, and the production of chemicals that help digest food.
4
Q
The liver is located in
A
located in the upper right hand portion in the abdominal cavity.
5
Q
In lower that liver , there are
A
right kidney, intestine and diaphragm and some of the stomach are seen.
5
Q
Liver is shaped like a WHAT
A
cone
5
Q
Liver is shaped like a cone, the color healthy liver is WHAT
A
dark reddish brown
6
Q
how any pounds of liver?
A
weigh about 3 pounds
7
Q
2 distinct sources that supplies blood to liver:
A
- Oxygenated blood flow that comes from the hepatic artery
- Nutrient rich blood that come from the hepatic portal vein
7
Q
Functions of liver:
A
- Regulate the most chemical levels of blood and secrete a product that is called bile.
- The process of liver is to breakdown, balance and create nutrients and also metabolized drugs into form that are easily to use for the whole body that are non-toxics
8
Q
Regulate the most chemical levels of blood and secrete a product that is called WHAT
A
bile.
9
Q
helps to carry away waste product from the liver
A
Bile
10
Q
The process of liver is to WHAT
A
breakdown, balance and create nutrients and also metabolized drugs into form that are easily to use for the whole body that are non-toxics
11
Q
Fun fact: we have 500 vital functions that we identified under the liver and more well known functions:
A
- Production of bile
- Production of certain protein from blood plasma
- Production of cholesterol and special protein that helps us to carry out fats throughout the body
- The conversion of the excess glucose into glycogen for storage and many more
12
Q
t or f. If the liver is a number one damage, the other parts that surround it will be affected.
A
t
13
Q
If the liver is a number one damage, the other parts that surround it will not be affected. t or f
A
false
14
Q
The liver is essential for WHAT
A
digestion of food and removing body toxic substance
15
Q
Liver disease can inherited or genetics t or f
A
t
16
Q
Liver disease cannot be inherited or genetics
A
false
17
Q
Liver problems can be caused by many factors that can damage the liver like WHAT
A
viruses, alcohol use and obesity.
18
The liver is the only organ that can WHAT
regenerate overtime.
19
What if the patient has liver disease? Many times that is noticable the signs and symptoms but there are times not, but if its is noticeable the signs and symptoms includes:
1. Jaundice (yellowish)
2. Abdominal pain and swelling
3. Dark urine
4. Swelling in the legs and ankles
5. Loss of appetite
20
Liver disease has many cause:
1. Infection
2. Immune system abnormality
3. Genetics
4. Cancer and other growth
21
Inflammation that doses deliver functions it because they are parasites and viruses that infect the liver through this if the viruses and parasite invade the liver will damage and the most comment type of liver infection is hepatitis viruses
Infection
22
This disease is attacked by the immune system by the part of our body and it can also affect the liver.
Immune system abnormality
23
Immune system abnormality
This disease is attacked by the immune system by the part of our body and it can also affect the liver. Example of liver disease:
1. Autoimmune hepatitis
2. The primary biliary cholangitis
3. The primary sclerosing cholangitis
24
Has an abnormal gene that inherited from one or both of the parents and can cause various substances to build up disease of abnormality in the liver.
Genetics
25
Genetics
Has an abnormal gene that inherited from one or both of the parents and can cause various substances to build up disease of abnormality in the liver.
EXAMPLE:
Wilson’s disease and hemochromatosis
26
Cancer and other growth
Examples are liver cancer,
bile duct cancer and liver adenoma.
27
But, according to a research article the Mayo Clinic it has additional causes of liver disease it because of the lifestyle of the patient it can be WHAT
chronic alcohol abuse, accumulation in liver that are not related, alcohol but because of the lifestyle or obesity or taking a certain prescription over-the-counter medication that has a higher dosage.
28
THERE ARE MANY KINDS OF LIVER DISEASES:
1. Diseases caused by viruses, such as hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C
2. Diseases caused by drugs, poisons, or too much alcohol. Examples Include fatty liver disease and cirrhosis
3. Liver cancer
4. Inherited diseases, such as hemochromatosis and Wilson's disease
29
HEPATITIS A
Ingestion of contaminated food and water
Acute
Rarely results in chronic liver diseases
30
HEPATITIS B
Parenteral contact with contaminated body fluids
Acute or Chronic
Results in fulminant hepatitis or acute liver failure
31
HEPATITIS C
Parenteral contact with contaminated body fluids
Chronic
Results in fulminant hepatitis or acute liver failure
32
HEPATITIS D
Parenteral contact with contaminated body fluids
Acute or Chronic
Results in fulminant hepatitis or acute liver failure
33
Commonly differentiate the hepatitis A and B, because the hepatitis C And D are the same. t or f
t
34
Commonly differentiate the hepatitis A and C, because the hepatitis B And D are the same. t or f
f
35
is a cancer that comes from the cell in our liver.
Liver cancer
36
Liver cancer is a cancer that comes from the WHAT
cell in our liver.
37
The cancer that spreads to the liver is more common unlike other cancer that begins in the WHAT
liver cell.
38
s a medical test commonly performed by a surgeon, interventional radiologist, or an interventional cardiologist.
biopsy
39
The process involves extraction of WHAT for examination to determine the presence or extent of a disease.
sample cells or tissues
40
The process involves extraction of sample cells or tissues for examination to determine WHAT.
the presence or extent of a disease.
41
is a procedure where liver cells are obtained by a needle inserted directly into the liver through the abdominal wall, in the stomach area, and examined.
Image guided liver biopsy
42
Image guided liver biopsy is a procedure where liver cells are obtained by a needle inserted directly into the WHAT, and examined.
liver through the abdominal wall, in the stomach area
43
is used to guide accurate needle placement to make the procedure safe and to avoid complications
The image of stomach area
44
THE TWO MAIN IMAGING METHOD USED FOR GUIDING THE NEEDLE INTO THE LIVER ARE:
Ultrasound
The Computed Tomography (CT scan)
45
TWO TYPES OF LIVER BIOPSY
Core Biopsy
Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy (FNAB)
46
used to asses the liver with tissue if has a general liver disease example cirrhosis
core biopsy
47
requires a medical imaging and need a bigger gauge needle and retrieve in thinner cylinder of liver tissue
Core biopsy
48
Core biopsy requires a medical imaging and need a WHAT
bigger gauge needle and retrieve in thinner cylinder of liver tissue
49
is an image guided and carried out with a much thinner needle and useful of taking biopsy on a specific lesion or abnormality or in area within the liver
fine needle aspiration
50
Their differences are the size of a needle, thicker or bigger used gauge needle in WHAT
core biopsy
50
Their differences are the size of a needle, thicker or bigger used gauge needle in core biopsy unlike the other is thinner
fine needle aspiration
51
HOW DO A PATIENT PREPARE? IN IMAGE GUIDED LIVER BIOPSY
1. FASTING
2. BLOOD TEST
3. MEDICAL HISTORY
52
patient is required for fasting no food, no water for HOW ANY hours before liver biopsy because reducing a chance of stomach and bowel gas that interfere ik images of the liver during the procedure.
4-6 hours
53
Fasting can reduce any side effect after the procedure t or f
t
54
Fasting can risk any side effect after the procedure t or f
f
55
in image guided liver biopsy, BLOOD TEST
require of doctor and also stop WHAT
anticoagulant or antiplatelet medication
56
in iage guided liver biopsy, BLOOD TEST
require of doctor and also stop any anticoagulant or antiplatelet medication, usually HOW MANY days before having the biopsy stop the medicine
usually 7-10 days
57
After sufficient samples are obtained, firm pressure is applied with a gauze bandage to the entry site on the skin where the biopsy needle was inserted. (example Anesthesia - WHAT
lidocaine
58
IN IAGE GUIDE LIVER BIOPSY
WHAT ARE THE AFTEREFFECTS OF THIS PROCEDURE?
Most patients find the procedure WHAT, usually experiencing some discomfort, but not excessive pain.
bearable
59
IN IAGE GUIDE LIVER BIOPSY
WHAT ARE THE AFTEREFFECTS OF THIS PROCEDURE?
Most patients find the procedure bearable, usually experiencing some WHAT
discomfort, but not excessive pain.
60
The most common side-effect is discomfort in the WHAT
area of the biopsy.
61
This may develop during or after the biopsy, or once the local anesthetic has worn off. Any pain is normally controlled with WHAT
analgesics (pain killers).
62
This may develop during or after the biopsy, or once the local anesthetic has worn off. Any pain is normally controlled with analgesics (pain killers). Sometimes, this is given IN
intravenously (directly into a vein in the arm).
63
IN IMAGE GUIDED LIVER BIOPSY
HOW LONG DOES THIS PROCEDURE TAKE?
It normally takes approximately HOW MANY minutes for the preliminary ultrasound or CT scan, cleaning and dressing, and giving the local anesthetic.
approximately 10 minutes
64
The actual biopsy can take between WHAT
a few seconds up to a minute.
64
WHAT ARE THE RISKS AND BENEFITS? IN IAGE GUIDED LIVER BIOPSY
- Major effects are generally rare (less than 1% of cases).
- Bleeding in the liver or abdominal wall and, on very rare occasions. Bleeding is usually mild and only results in pain/discomfort in less than 5% of cases.
- If bleeding is more severe, the patient may require having additional intravenous fluids or a blood transfusion, or in extreme cases, may require surgery or an interventional radiology embolization procedure (where bleeding can be stopped using an angiogram procedure).
- Patient death as a result of bleeding after, liver biopsy is an extremely rare event (perhaps 1/5000 chance).
- Damage of adjacent structures, such as the bowel, gallbladder, or lung/pleura (the lining layer around the lung).
- Very small risk of spreading or seeding cancer cells along the needle track exists when a malignant lesion is biopsy.
65
BENEFITS OF IMAGE GUIDED LIVER BIOPSY
- Image guided liver biopsy maximizes the chances of obtaining a good sample of liver tissue in order to answer the doctor's questions about potential liver abnormality or disease.
This is directly to liver to needle approach if ever there is a liver abnormality or disease is much higher accuracy level or rate of the samples
- Imaging also reduces (but does not eliminate) the risks of complications.
- Image guided liver biopsy is normally required if a specific region or lesion in the liver is being investigated.
- Additionally, it does not require an open surgery or minimal wound. Lower chance of complication and reduce the recovery time.
66
carries out the image guided liver biopsy.
A radiologist (specialist doctor)
67
may be involved in the set up of equipment and cleaning/preparation of the patient.
A radiology nurse
68
WHERE IS AN IMAGE GUIDED LIVER BIOPSY DONE?
Where the machine located. Rare occasion if OR perform the examination
69
places medications or synthetic materials called embolic agents through a catheter into a blood vessel to block blood flow to an area of the body.
Catheter embolization
70
Catheter embolization places medications or WHAT through a catheter into a blood vessel to block blood flow to an area of the body.
synthetic materials called embolic agents
71
Catheter embolization places medications or synthetic materials called embolic agents through a WHAT
catheter into a blood vessel to block blood flow to an area of the body.
72
It may be used to control or prevent abnormal bleeding, close off vessels supplying blood to a tumor, eliminate abnormal connections between arteries and veins, or to treat aneurysms.
Catheter embolization
73
Catheter embolization may be used to WHAT,
control or prevent abnormal bleeding, close off vessels supplying blood to a tumor, eliminate abnormal connections between arteries and veins, or to treat aneurysms.
74
is a highly effective way to control bleeding and is much less invasive than open surgery.
Embolization
75
use a balloon catheter have a way in vein and then the stenting have a drug that dissolve blockage
Angioplasty
76
is a treatment where used to dissolve dangerous clot in blood vessel from the patient to improve the blood flow and prevent the damage to tissue and organs
thrombolysis
77
has a coiling of wire, example aneurysm the micro catheter inserted and then coiled the wire in damaged vessel to stop the growth and then stop then rupture
Catheter embolization
78
Catheter embolization has a coiling of wire, example aneurysm then WHAT
the micro catheter inserted and then coiled the wire in damaged vessel to stop the growth and then stop then rupture
79
is a new treatment method it is a way of closing or at least reduce the blood flow to one or more blood vessels that are doing more harmed than good
embolization
80
The term embolization derives from the word WHAT
‘embolus’
81
which can be any object that circulate in the blood stream until lodges in a blood vessel
The term embolization derives from the word ‘embolus’
82
specifically designed to exclude in blood vessels not like the angioplasty and stent that in vein and then break down into pieces the blood clot.
synthetic material or medication
83
needs to coil or to create coiling wire to reduce rupture.
Catheter embolization
84
uses of a doctor a small incision and the inserted the guide wire, catheter and synthetic materials
catheter embolization
85
WHAT IS THE ROLE OF RADTECH? CATHETER EMBOLIZATION
Administer a contrast media and after that if detected something wrong with the patient, radtech guide to doctor using fluoroscope
86
WHAT ARE SOME COMMON USES OF THE PROCEDURE?
COMMON HEALTH PROBLEMS THAT CAN BE TREATED USING CATHETER EMBOLIZATION INCLUDE:
1. Bleeding that results from a traumatic injury.
2. Bleeding from gastrointestinal tract lesions such as ulcer or diverticular disease.
3. Bleeding from vascular malformations
4. Tumor bleeding
5. Long menstrual periods or heavy menstrual bleeding that results from uterine fibroid tumors.
86
Embolization is commonly the first line of treatment inWHAT
gastrointestinal bleeding of any cause.
87
Example abnormal vascular channels can form in between arteries and vein in the circulatory system of the lung to eliminate abnormal connection
Bleeding from vascular malformations
88
Embolization may proved an excellent alternative to WHAT because fibroid has large blood supplies
hysterectomy or removal of the uterus
89
can shrink and control heavy menstrual bleeding by interrupting the blood supply
embolization
90
can be used as treatment itself. But, it can combine with another method like surgery or radiation
Catheter embolization
91
Catheter embolization can be used as treatment itself. But, it can combine with another method like WHAT
surgery or radiation
92
CATHETER EMBOLIZATION IS ALSO PERFORMED TO:
1. Close off vessels that are supplying blood to a tumor, especially when the tumor is difficult or impossible to remove.
2. arteriovenous fistula (AVF)
3. Treat aneurysms
4. Treat varicoceles
5. Decrease the size of malformations congenital venous
93
is a bulge or sac that formed in weak artery wall, aneurysm can treated by either blocking an artery supplying the WHAT or by closing the WHAT sac as an alternative to surgery
aneurysms
94
is an enlarged veins in scrotum, it can cause infertility
varicocele
95
CATHETER EMBOLIZATION MAY BE USED WHAT
ALONE OR COMBINED WITH OTHER TREATMENTS SUCH AS SURGERY OR RADIATION.
96
In this catheter embolization, WHAT ARE THE equipment
X-ray equipment, a catheter and a variety of synthetic materials and medications called embolic agents are used.
97
The physician will select an embolic agent depending on the WHAT and whether the treatment is intended to be permanent or temporary
size of the blood vessel or malformation
98
The physician will select an embolic agent depending on the size of the blood vessel or malformation and whether the treatment is WHAT
intended to be permanent or temporary
99
The physician will select an embolic agent depending on the size of the blood vessel or malformation and whether the treatment is intended to be permanent or temporary. These Include:
- Gelfoam,
- Particulate agents,
- Various sized metallic coils or other mechanical devices made of stainless steel or platinum
- Liquid sclerosing agents .
- Liquid glue.
100
which is cut into small pieces that are injected into an artery and float downstream until they can go no further. After a period ranging from a few days to two weeks, the material dissolves.
Gelfoam, a gelatin sponge material
101
Gelfoam, a gelatin sponge material, which is cut into small pieces that are injected into an artery and float downstream until they can go no further. After a period ranging from a HOWMANY DAYS OR weeks, the material dissolves.
After a period ranging from a few days to two weeks, the material dissolves.
101
which are suspended in liquid and injected into the bloodstream to block small vessels. These agents are used to block blood vessels permanently.
Particulate agents, including Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and gelatin-impregnated acrylic polymer spheres
101
Particulate agents, including Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and gelatin-impregnated acrylic polymer spheres, which are suspended in liquid and injected into the bloodstream to WHAT
used to block blood vessels permanently.
101
made of stainless steel or platinum are used to block large arteries. They can be positioned very precisely to stop bleeding from an injured artery or stop arterial blood flow into an aneurysm.
Various sized metallic coils or other mechanical devices
101
Various sized metallic coils or other mechanical devices made of stainless steel or platinum are used to block large arteries. They can be positioned very precisely to stop WHAT
stop bleeding from an injured artery or stop arterial blood flow into an aneurysm.
102
which are used to destroy blood vessels and vessel malformations.
Liquid sclerosing agents such as alcohols
103
Filling a blood vessel or vascular abnormality with this agent causes blood clots to form, closing up the abnormal vascular channels.
Liquid sclerosing agents such as alcohols
104
When injected into the target channel that needs to be closed off, it hardens quickly.
Liquid glue
105
Embolic agents depend on a WHAT Before giving a what type of embolic agent to patient should assess first before catheter embolization.
condition or disease of the patient
105
is used for bleeding, for example gastrointestinal or uterine fibroids.
Gel foam
106
use in aneurysm
Metallic coils
107
It can be used for the gastrointestinal tract through orally. It works as an oral sponge, oral intake and then flow into the esophagus until it can go further.
Gelfoam
108
is depending on the size of aneurysm, depending on how large.
Metallic coil
109
i catheter embolization, Most patients leave the hospital within HOW MANY hours of the procedure, but those who have considerable pain may have to stay longer.
within 24 hours
109
Not requiring a breathing tube, in some cases require the general anesthesia used. in cartheter embolization t or f
t
110
After embolization of a tumor, uterine fibroids or a vascular abnormality, HOW MANY months may have to pass before it is clear whether symptoms have been controlled or eliminated.
one to three months
110
in atheter emblolization, In cases of bleeding, it may take HOW ANY hours to know whether it has stopped.
may take 24 hours
110
is a highly effective way of controlling bleeding, especially in an emergency situation.
Embolization
110
in catheter embolization, Worldwide success rates of HOW MANY percent and higher have been reported in women treated with embolization for uterine fibroids.
85 percent
110
is much less invasive than conventional open surgery.
Embolization
110
Embolization is much less invasive than WHAT
conventional open surgery.
110
is less than with traditional surgical treatment, and there is no obvious surgical incision.
Blood loss
111
Blood loss is less than with traditional surgical treatment, and there is no WHAT in cathere embolizaton
obvious surgical incision.
111
give one benefit of cathere embolization
Can treat tumors and vascular malformation and not needed an open surgery, small incision to skin to insert the catheter not needed any stitches
111
give on risk to cather embolization
Allergic reaction to contrast media
111
Catheter embolization uses WHATto obtain images of the blood vessel to assess the patient’s condition.
Ultrasound, CT, MRI
112
There is always a chance that an embolic agent can lodge in the wrong place and deprive normal tissue of its oxygen supply. t or f
t
113
There is also a risk of kidney damage due to the contrast material, particularly in patients with diabetes or other pre-existing kidney disease. However, patients are prescreened for this risk t or f
t
114
There is also a risk of kidney damage due to the contrast material, particularly in patients with diabetes or other no pre-existing kidney disease. However, patients it is okay not to go with the prescreened for this risk t or f
f
115
Any procedure that places a catheter inside a blood vessel carries certain risks. These risks include WHAT The doctor will take precautions to mitigate these risks.
These risks include damage to the blood vessel, bruising or bleeding at the puncture site, and infection.
116
There is always a chance that an embolic agent can lodge in the right place and deprive normal tissue of its oxygen supply.
f
117
Good luck!!!
future rrt!!!
