FINALS CHAPTER 16

Question 1

Behaviour that is personally distressing, personally dysfunctional, and/or culturally deviant that other people judge it to be inappropriate/maladaptive

Answer 1

Abnormal behaviour

Question 2

A disorder characterized in its advanced stages by mental deterioration caused by the sexually transmitted disease syphilis

Answer 2

General paresis

Question 3

States that each of us has some degree of vulnerability for developing psychological disorder, given sufficient stress

Answer 3

Vulnerability-stress model

Question 4

Clinicians using the system should show high levels of agreement in their diagnostic decisions

Answer 4

Reliability

Question 5

Diagnostic categories should accurately capture the essential features of the various disorders

Answer 5

Validity

Question 6

Categorical system in which people were placed within a specific diagnostic categories

Answer 6

DSM-IV

Question 7

Dimensional system in which relevant behaviours are rated along a severity measure

Answer 7

DSM-V

Question 8

Refers to the defendant’s state of mind at the time of a judicial hearing (not the time the crime was committed)

Answer 8

Competency

Question 9

Relates to the presumed state of mind of the defendant at the time the crime was committed

Answer 9

Insanity

Question 10

Frequency and intensity of anxiety responses are out of proportion to the situation that trigger them and the anxiety interferes with daily life

Answer 10

Anxiety disorders

Question 11

Components of anxiety responses

Answer 11

Subjective-emotional
Cognitive
Physiological
Behavioural

Question 12

Anxiety response component including feelings of tension and apprehension

Answer 12

Subjective-emotional

Question 13

Anxiety response component including subjective feelings of apprehension, asense of impending danger, and a feeling of inability to cope

Answer 13

Cognitive

Question 14

Response in anxiety which including increased heart rate and blood pressure, muscle tension, rapid breathing, nausea, dry mouth, diarrhea and frequent urination

Answer 14

Physiological response

Question 15

Responses such as avoidance of certain situations and impaired task performance

Answer 15

Behavioural responses

Question 16

Strong and irrational fears of certain objects or situations

Answer 16

Phobias

Question 17

A chronic state of diffuse or “free-floating” anxiety that is not attached to specific situations or objects

Answer 17

Generalized anxiety and worry disorder

Question 18

Occur suddenly and unpredictable, and they are much more intense

Answer 18

Panic disorders

Question 19

Explain the two components of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

Answer 19

Cognitive (obsession) = repetitive, and unwelcome thoughts, images or impulses that invade consciousness
Behavioural (compulsion) = repetitive behaviour responses that can be resisted only with great difficulty

Question 20

Inhibitory transmitter that reduces neural activity in the amygdala and other brain structures that stimulate physiological arousal

Answer 20

GABA

Question 21

According to Freud, this occurs when unacceptable impulses threaten to overwhelm the ego’s defences and explode into action

Answer 21

Neurotic anxiety

Question 22

Social and cultural factors are most prominent in these type of disorder which occur only in certain places

Answer 22

Culture-bound disorders

Question 23

Intense fear of being fat and severely restrict their food intake to the point of self-starvation

Answer 23

Anorexia nervosa

Question 24

People who suffer from this disorder are over concerned with becoming fat but instead of self-starvation, they binge eat and then purge the food (usually by induced vomiting or using laxatives)

Answer 24

Bulimia nervosa

Question 25

Emotion-based disorder which involve depression and mania (excessive excitement)

Answer 25

Mood disorder

Question 26

Frequency, intensity and duration of depressive symptoms are out of proportion to person’s life situation, leaving them unable to function effectively in their lives

Answer 26

Major depression

Question 27

Less dramatic effect on personal occupation al functioning but is a more chronic and long-lasting form of misery

Answer 27

Dysthymia

Question 28

Core feature of depression where in activities thar used to bring them satisfaction and happiness feel dull and flat

Answer 28

Negative mood state

Question 29

Depression (which is the dominant state), alternates with periods of mania,a state of highly excited mood and behaviour that is quite the opposite of depression

Answer 29

Bipolar disorder

Question 30

Sex difference in bipolar disorder

Answer 30

Women are about 2x as likely as men to suffer from bipolar disorder

Question 31

Depressive cognitive triad involves the

Answer 31

Word, oneself, future

Question 32

Taking no credit for successes and blaming themselves for failures which maintains depressed people’s low self esteem and their belief that they are worthless

Answer 32

Depressive attributional pattern

Question 33

Holds that depression occurs when people expect that bad events will occur and that there os nothing they can do to prevent or cope with them

Answer 33

Learned helplessness theory

Question 34

Involve physical complaints or disabilities that suggest a medical pattern but which have no known biological cause and are not produced voluntarily by the person

Answer 34

Somatic symptom disorders (Somatoform disorders)

Question 35

People experience intense pain that either is out of proportion to whichever medical condition they have or for which no physical basis can be found

Answer 35

Pain disorder

Question 36

Serious neurological symptoms such as paralysis, loss of sensation, or blindness suddenly occur, but recording and brain imaging indicate that sensory and motor pathways in the brain are intact

Answer 36

Functional neurological symptom disorder (conversion disorder)

Question 37

Involve a breakdown of this normal integration, resulting in significant alterations in memory or identity

Answer 37

Dissociative disorders

Question 38

A person responds to a stressful event with the extensive but selective memory loss

Answer 38

Dissociative amnesia

Question 39

A person loses all sense of personal identity, gives up his or her customary life, wanders to a new faraway location, and establishes a new identity

Answer 39

Dissociative fugue

Question 40

Two or more separate personalities co-exist in the same person. A primary or host personality appears more often than the other (called alter) but each personality has its own integrated set of memories and behaviours

Answer 40

Dissociative identity disorder (DID)

Question 41

According to this theory, the development of new personalities occurs in response to severe stress

Answer 41

Trauma-dissociation theory

Question 42

Psychotic disorder that involves severe disturbances in thinking, speech, perception, emotion and behaviour

Answer 42

Schizophrenia

Question 43

False belief that are sustained in the face of evidence that normally would be sufficient to destroy them

Answer 43

Delusions

Question 44

False perceptions that have a compelling sense of reality

Answer 44

Hallucinations

Question 45

Features positive symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations and disordered speech and thinking

Answer 45

Type I schizophrenia

Question 46

Features negative symptoms which is an absence of normal reactions such as lack of emotional expressions, loss of motivation and an absence of normal speech

Answer 46

Type II schizophenia

Question 47

States that symptoms of schizophrenia (particularly positive symptoms) are produced by over activity of the dopamine system in areas of the brain that regulate emotional expression, motivated behaviour and cognitive functioning

Answer 47

Dopamine hypothesis

Question 48

A person retreats to an earlier and more secure (even infantile) stage of psychosocial development in the face of overwhelming anxiety

Answer 48

Regression

Question 49

Involves high levels of criticism, hostility and overinvolvement

Answer 49

Expressed emotion

Question 50

Attributes higher prevalence of schizophrenia to the higher levels of stress that low income people experience, particularly within urban environments

Answer 50

Social causation hypothesis

Question 51

As people develop schizophrenia, their personal and occupational functioning deteriorates, so that they drift down the socioeconomic ladder into poverty and migrate low-cost urban environments

Answer 51

Social drift hypothesis

Question 52

People exhibit stable ingrained, inflexible and maladaptive ways of thinking, feeling and behaving

Answer 52

Personality disorders

Question 53

Seem to lack conscience; referred to as “moral imbeciles” in the 19th century; exhibit little anxiety or guilt and tend to be impulsive and unable to delay gratification of their needs

Answer 53

Antisocial personality disorder

Question 54

Collection of symptoms characterized primarily by serious instability in behaviour, emotion, identity, and interpersonal relationships

Answer 54

Borderline personality disorder (BPD)

Question 55

Central feature of borderline which is an inability to control negative emotions in response to stressful life events, many of which borderline individuals themselves cause

Answer 55

Emotional dysregulation

Question 56

Failure to integrate positive and negative aspects of another’s behaviour into a coherent whole

Answer 56

Splitting

Question 57

Disorder may take form of inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity, or a combination of the two

Answer 57

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Question 58

Long-term disorder characterized by extreme unresponsiveness to others, poor communication skills, highly repetitive and rigid behavioural pattern

Answer 58

Autistic spectrum disorder

Question 59

Gradual loss of cognitive abilities that accompanies brain deterioration and interferes with normal functioning. Progressive atrophy or degeneration of brain tissue occur as a result of disease or injury

Answer 59

Dementia

Question 60

Leading cause of dementia in the elderly accounting for 60%; caused by the deterioration in the frontal lobes of the brain, including hippocampus

Answer 60

Alzheimer’s disease