MIDTERM II CHAPTER 14

Question 1

Distinctive and relatively enduring ways of thinking, feeling, and acting that characterize a person’s responses to life situations

Answer 1

Personality

Question 2

Generated by instinctual drive which powers the mind and constantly presses for either direct or indirect release

Answer 2

Psychic energy

Question 3

mental events that we are presently aware of

Answer 3

 Conscious

Question 4

contains memories, thoughts, feelings, events that we are unaware but can be called into conscious awareness

Answer 4

Preconscious

Question 5

dynamic real of wishes, feelings and impulses that lies beyond the awareness

Answer 5

Unconscious mind

Question 6

Exist within the unconscious mind and the innermost core of the personality. Present at birth and source of all psychic energy

Answer 6

Id

Question 7

Principle which the Id acts accordingly which seeks immediate gratification or release

Answer 7

Pleasure principle

Question 8

Par of the conception of personality which functions primarily at a conscious level

Answer 8

Ego

Question 9

Ego operates according to what principle

Answer 9

Reality principle

Question 10

Said to be the moral arm of the personality which developed by the age of four or five and was the repository of the values and ideals of society

Answer 10

Superego

Question 11

When realistic strategies are ineffective in reducing anxiety, the ego is said to resort to this mechanism which deny or distort reality

Answer 11

Defensive mechanism

Question 12

The primary means by which the ego “keeps the lid on the id”. An active defensive process through which anxiety-arousing impulses or memories are pushed into the unconscious mind

Answer 12

Repression

Question 13

A person refuses to acknowledge anxiety-arousing aspects of the environment

Answer 13

Denial

Question 14

An unacceptable or dangerous impulse is repressed and then directed at a safer substitute target

Answer 14

Displacement

Question 15

Emotional connection with an upsetting event is repressed, and situation is dealt with an intellectually interesting event

Answer 15

Intellectualization

Question 16

An unacceptable impulse is repressed, and then attributed to (projected onto) other people

Answer 16

Projection

Question 17

A person constructs a false but plausible explanation or excuse for an anxiety-arousing behaviour or event that has already occured

Answer 17

Rationalization

Question 18

An anxiety-arousing impulse is repressed, and psychic energy finds release in an exaggerated expression of the opposite behaviour

Answer 18

Reaction formation

Question 19

A repressed impulse is released in the form of a socially acceptable or even admired behaviour

Answer 19

Sublimation

Question 20

A state of arrested psychosexual development in which instincts are focused on a particular psychic theme. Resulted from potential deprivations or overindulges during any of Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual Development.

Answer 20

Fixation

Question 21

Major shortcoming of Freud’s psychoanalytical theory

Answer 21

Many of it’s concepts are ambiguous and hard to operationally define or measure

Question 22

Psychoanalysts that disagree with some aspects of Freud’s thinking and believed that he did not give social and cultural factors a sufficiently important role in the development of the dynamics of personality and focus too much on childhood events

Answer 22

Neoanalysts

Question 23

Carl Jung’s belief that humans possess not only a personal unconscious based on their life experiences but also a collective unconscious that consist of memories accumulated throughout the entire history of the human race

Answer 23

Analytical psychology

Question 24

Representation of memories which are inherited tendencies to interpret experience in a certain way

Answer 24

Archetypes

Question 25

Focus on the images and mental representations that people form of themselves and other people as a result of early experience with caregivers

Answer 25

Object relations theorists

Question 26

The total realization of one’s human potential

Answer 26

Self-actualization

Question 27

Cognitive categories into which people sort the people and events in their lives . Said to be the primary basis for individual differences in personality.

Answer 27

Personal constructs

Question 28

According to this humanistic theorist, people’s primary goal is to make sense out of the world, and find personal meaning to it.

Answer 28

George Kelly

Question 29

Believed that behaviour is not a reaction to unconscious conflicts but a response to our immediate conscious experience of self and environment

Answer 29

Carl Rogers

Question 30

Central concept of Roger’s theory which is an organized, consistent set of perceptions of the beliefs about oneself

Answer 30

Self

Question 31

An absence of conflict among self perceptions

Answer 31

Self-consistency

Question 32

Consistency between self-perception and experience

Answer 32

Congruence

Question 33

Dictates what we approve or disapprove of ourselves

Answer 33

Conditions of worth

Question 34

Rogers view people who have successfully reached self-actualization as ______ as they do not need to hide behind masks or adopt artificial roles

Answer 34

Fully functioning person

Question 35

Refers how positively or negatively do we see or feel about ourselves

Answer 35

Self-esteem

Question 36

People are motivated to preserve their self-concept by maintaining self-consistency and congruence

Answer 36

Need for self-verification

Question 37

A strong and pervasive tendency to gain and preserve a postive self-image

Answer 37

Self-enhancement

Question 38

Organized mental structures that contain our understanding of the attributes and behaviours that are appropriate and expected for males and females

Answer 38

Gender schema

Question 39

Critics on the humanistic theories include

Answer 39

1) too much reliance on individual reports of personal experience 2) circular reasoning: difficult to define an individual’s self-actualizing tendency except in terms of the behaviour that it supposedly produce

Question 40

Identifying cluster of specific behaviours that are correlated with one another so highly that they can be viewed as reflecting a basic dimension/trait on which people vary

Answer 40

Factor analysis

Question 41

Pioneering trait theorist who developed a widely used personality test called 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire to measure individual differences on each of the dimensions and provide a comprehensive personality description

Answer 41

Cattell

Question 42

Eysenck argues that personality within the normal range can be understood with only these two basic dimensions which are independent and uncorrelated

Answer 42

Introversion-Extraversion | Stability-Instability

Question 43

The Big Five Factors:

Answer 43

``` Openness Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism ```

Question 44

People’s tendency to tailor their behaviour according to the situation

Answer 44

Self-monitoring

Question 45

Critics on trait theories

Answer 45

1) making specific predictions on the basis of single measured personality trait without taking into account other personality factors that may influence behaviour 2) description vs explanation

Question 46

Combined the behavioural and cognitive perspectives into an approach to personality that stresses the interaction of a thinking human with a social environment that provides learning experience

Answer 46

Social cognitive theorists

Question 47

States that the person, the person’s behaviour, and environment all influence one another in a pattern of two-way causal link

Answer 47

Reciprocal determinism

Question 48

Expectancy concerning the degree of personal control we have in our lives

Answer 48

Internal-external locus of control

Question 49

Bandura’s idea that human’s are active agents of their own lives and not just at the mercy of the environment

Answer 49

Human agency

Question 50

Four aspects of human agency

Answer 50

Intentionality Forethought Self-reflectiveness Self-reactiveness

Question 51

Key factor in way people regulate their lives which is their belief concerning their ability to perform the behaviours needed to achieve desired outcome

Answer 51

Self-efficacy

Question 52

Suggests that there is consistency in behaviour but is found in similar situations

Answer 52

If...then.. behaviour consistencies

Question 53

Psychologists devise an explicit coding system that contsins the behavioural categories of interest

Answer 53

Behavioural assessment

Question 54

Researchers and clinicians can collect samples of behaviour from respondents as they live their daily lives

Answer 54

Remote behaviour sampling

Question 55

Termed objective measure because they include standard sets of questions, usually in a true-false or rating scale format, that are scored using an agreed upon scoring key

Answer 55

Personality scales

Question 56

Advantages of personality scales

Answer 56

1) ability to collect data from many people at the same time 2) people respond to the same items 3) ease of scoring

Question 57

Major disadvantage of personality scales

Answer 57

People not answering questions truthfully, therefore making the score invalid

Question 58

Formulation of personality scales where items are based on the theorist’s conception of the personality trait to be measured

Answer 58

Rational approach

Question 59

Approach to personality test where in items are chosen not because their content seems relevant to the trait on rational grounds, but because previous research has shown that items were answered differently by groups of people known to differ in their personality characteristic of interest

Answer 59

Empirical approach

Question 60

Assumption underlying projective test

Answer 60

When a person is presented with an ambiguous stimulus whose meaning is not clear, the interpretation attached to the stimulus will have to come partly from within