MIDTERM 1 CHAPTER 9

Question 1

The four properties that are essential to any language are…

Answer 1

Symbols
Structure
Meaning
Generativity

Question 2

Set of rules that dictate how symbols can be combined to create meaningful units of communication

Answer 2

Grammar

Question 3

Rules that govern the order of words

Answer 3

Syntax

Question 4

Refers to the meaning of words and sentences

Answer 4

Semantics

Question 5

Means that symbols of language can be combined to generate infinite number of messages that have a novel meaning

Answer 5

Generativity

Question 6

Refers to the fact that language allows us to communicate about events and objects that are not physically present

Answer 6

Displacement

Question 7

Structure of language which consist of symbols that are used and their order

Answer 7

Surface structure

Question 8

Structure which refers to the underlying meaning of the combined symbols

Answer 8

Deep structure

Question 9

Smallest unit of speech sound in a language that can signal a difference in meaning

Answer 9

Phoneme

Question 10

The smallest units of meaning in a language

Answer 10

Morphemes

Question 11

The most comprehensive level in which sentences are combined into paragraphs, articles, books, conversations etc

Answer 11

Discourse

Question 12

In this processing, individual elements of a stimulus are analyzed and then combined to form a unified perception

Answer 12

Bottom-up processing

Question 13

Sensory information is interpreted in light of existing knowledge, concepts, ideas, and expectations

Answer 13

Top-down processing

Question 14

Perceiving where each word within a spoken sentence begins and ends

Answer 14

Speech segmentation

Question 15

A knowledge of the practical aspects of using language

Answer 15

Pragmatics

Question 16

An impairment in speech comprehension and/or production that can be permanent or temporary

Answer 16

Aphasia

Question 17

Innate biological mechanism that contains the general grammar rules common to all language

Answer 17

Language Acquisition Device (LAD)

Question 18

High-pitched intonation that seems to be used all over the world

Answer 18

Child-directed speech

Question 19

B.F. Skinner explained that children’s language is developed through…

Answer 19

Operant conditioning

Question 20

Proposed by Jerome Bruner which represent factors in the social environment that facilitate the learning of a language

Answer 20

Language Acquisition Support System (LASS)

Question 21

States that language not only influence but also determines what we are capable of thinking

Answer 21

Linguistic relativity hypothesis

Question 22

One mode of thought that take form of verbal sentences which expresses proposition

Answer 22

Propositional thought

Question 23

Another mode of thought which consist images that we can see, hear, feel

Answer 23

Imaginal thought

Question 24

Relates to mental representation of motor movements

Answer 24

Motoric thoughts

Question 25

Basic unit of semantic memory

Answer 25

Concepts

Question 26

The most typical and familiar members of a category

Answer 26

Prototype

Question 27

Type of reasoning from the top down, from a general principle to a conclusion about a specific case

Answer 27

Deductive reasoning

Question 28

Reasoning from bottom up, starting with specific facts and trying to develop a general principle

Answer 28

Inductive reasoning

Question 29

The tendency to abandon logical rules in favour of our own personal beliefs

Answer 29

Belief bias

Question 30

Refers to the idea that the same information, problems or options can be structured and presented in different ways

Answer 30

Framing

Question 31

The tendency to stick to the solutions that worked in the past

Answer 31

Mental set

Question 32

Are like metal blue prints or step by step scripts for selecting information and solving specialized classes of problems

Answer 32

Problem-solving schemas

Question 33

General problem-solving strategies that we apply to certain classes of situations

Answer 33

Heuristics

Question 34

We identify differences between the present situation and the desired state, or goal, and then make changes that will reduce these differences

Answer 34

Means-ends analysis

Question 35

Formulating subgoals, or intermediate steps toward a solution

Answer 35

Subgoal analysis

Question 36

Used to infer how clearly something or someone fits our prototype for a particular concept or class, and therefore how likely it is to be a member of that class

Answer 36

Representativeness heuristics

Question 37

Causes us to base judgments and decisions on the availability of information in memory

Answer 37

Availability heuristics

Question 38

Tendency to look for evidence that will confirm what they currently believe in rather than looking for evidence that could disconfirm their beliefs

Answer 38

Confirmation bias

Question 39

A mental framework, an organized pattern of thought about some aspect of the world

Answer 39

Schema

Question 40

A mental framework concerning a sequence of events that usually unfolds in a regular, almost standardized order

Answer 40

Script

Question 41

The generation of novel ideas that depart from the norm

Answer 41

Divergent thinking

Question 42

The tendency to be so fixed on their perception of the proper function of an object or a procedure that they are blinded to new ways of using it

Answer 42

Functional fixedness

Question 43

Represent a system of knowledge about the meaning and conduct of life

Answer 43

Wisdom

Question 44

Representation of a stimulus that originates inside your brain rather than from external sensory input

Answer 44

Mental image

Question 45

Refers to the awareness and understanding of your own cognition abilities

Answer 45

Metacognition