MIDTERM II CHAPTER 13

Question 1

An increased tendency to perform one’s dominant response in the mere presence of others

Answer 1

Social facilitation

Question 2

Shared expectations about how people should think or feel or behave. The cement that binds social systems together

Answer 2

Social norms

Question 3

Set of norms that characterizes how people in a give social position ought to behave

Answer 3

Social role

Question 4

We follow the behaviour of other people because we believe they have the accurate knowledge and what they are doing is “right”

Answer 4

Informational social influence

Question 5

Conforming to obtain rewards that come from being accepted by other people, while at the same time avoiding rejections

Answer 5

Normative Social influence

Question 6

Involves the expectation that when others treat us well, there is pressure to respond in kind

Answer 6

Norm of reciprocity

Question 7

A persuasion technique in which a persuader makes a large request, expecting you to reject it then offer a smaller request

Answer 7

Door-in-the-face technique

Question 8

A persuader gets you to comply with a small request and later presents a larger request

Answer 8

Foot-in-the-door technique

Question 9

A persuader gets you to commit to some action and then before you actually perform this action, the “cost” of the behaviour increases

Answer 9

Lowballing

Question 10

Loss of individuality that leads to disinhibited behaviour

Answer 10

Deindividuation

Question 11

The tendency for people to expend less individual effort when working in group than working alone

Answer 11

Social loafing

Question 12

Happens when a group of like-minded individuals discusses an issue, whether face-to-face or through email, the “average” opinion of group members tend to be more extreme

Answer 12

Group polarization

Question 13

The tendency for group members to suspend critical thinking because they are striving to seek agreement

Answer 13

Groupthink

Question 14

Craig Hell (1987) suggests that we affiliate based on four basic reasons:

Answer 14

1) obtain positive stimulation
2) receive emotional support
3) gain attention
4) permit social comparison

Question 15

Involves comparing our beliefs feelings, and behaviours with those of other people

Answer 15

Social comparison

Question 16

Repeated exposure to stimuli typically increases our liking for it

Answer 16

Mere exposure effect

Question 17

Dating a partner or spouse whose level of physical attractiveness is similar to our own

Answer 17

Matching effect

Question 18

Proposes that the course of a relationship is governed rewards and costs that the partner experience

Answer 18

Social exchange theory

Question 19

Involves intense emotion, arousal, and yearning for a partner

Answer 19

Passionate love

Question 20

Involves affection, deep caring about the partner’s well-being, and a commitment to “being there”

Answer 20

Companionate love

Question 21

Three components of the triangular theory of love

Answer 21

Intimacy (closeness)
Commitment (decision to remain in a relationship)
Passion (feelings of romance, physical attraction, and sexual desire)

Question 22

According to this model, the passionate component of love has interacting cognitive and physiological components. Emotional arousal actually caused by some other factor may sometimes be interpreted as love.

Answer 22

Cognitive-arousal model of love

Question 23

Arousal due to one source is perceived (“misattributed”) as being due to another source

Answer 23

Transfer of excitation

Question 24

Part of the brain that is triggered when you think of the person you love

Answer 24

Ventral tegmental area

Question 25

Negative attitude toward people based on their membership of a group

Answer 25

Prejudice

Question 26

Overt behaviour which involves unfair treatment

Answer 26

Discrimination

Question 27

States that competition for limited resources foster prejudice

Answer 27

Realistic conflict theory

Question 28

States that prejudice stems from need to enhance our self esteem

Answer 28

Social identity theory

Question 29

Concept that proposes that sterotypes create a fear and self-consciousness among stereotyped group member that they will live up to others stereotypes

Answer 29

Stereotype threat

Question 30

Best known approach to prejudice reduction are based on a principle called:

Answer 30

Equal status contact

Question 31

Equal status contact states that prejudice between people is most likely reduced when they:

Answer 31

1) engage in sustained close contact 2) have equal status 3) work to achieve a common goal that requires cooperation 4) supported by broader social norms

Question 32

Two social norms that are especially relevant to helping behaviour

Answer 32

Norm of reciprocity | Norm of responsibility

Question 33

States that altruism does not exist and is produced by empathy or the ability to put oneself in the place of another and to share what the other is feeling

Answer 33

Empathy-altruism hypothesis

Question 34

Proposes that high empathy causes us to feel distress when we learn of others’ suffering, so by helping others we reduce our own personal distress (not altruistic

Answer 34

Negative state relief model

Question 35

The presence of multiple bystanders inhibits each person’s tendency to help, largely because of social comparison or diffusion of responsibilty

Answer 35

Bystander effect

Question 36

Three prominent factors which determines the tendency of a person to receive help

Answer 36

Similarity Gender Perceived resposibility

Question 37

The belief that the world is a just place

Answer 37

Just world hypothesis

Question 38

Represent any form of behaviour that is intended to harm another person

Answer 38

Aggression

Question 39

States that frustration inevitably leads to aggression and all aggression is the result of frustration

Answer 39

Frustration- aggression hypothesis

Question 40

Principle which states that performing an act of aggression discharges aggressive energy and temporarily reduce our impulse to aggress

Answer 40

Principle of catharsis

Question 41

Beliefs about whether others are likely to approve of a course of action

Answer 41

Subjective norms

Question 42

Occurs usually without conscious awareness, when people’s erroneous expectations lead them to act towards others in a way that brings about the expected behaviour

Answer 42

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 43

Positive or negative evaluative reaction toward a stimulus

Answer 43

Attitude

Question 44

Predicts that to reduce dissonance and restore a state of cognitive consistency, people will change one of their cognitions or add new cognitions

Answer 44

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

Question 45

Says that we form attitudes from our behaviour (modification of actions lead to people believing their behaviour

Answer 45

Self-perception theory

Question 46

One route to persuasion which occurs when people think carefully about the message and are influenced because they find the arguments compelling

Answer 46

Central route

Question 47

Route to persuasion where people primarily attends to superficial aspects of the message

Answer 47

Peropheral route

Question 48

Peripheral route cutes includes:

Answer 48

Attractiveness Similarity Expertise