finals - viral infection Flashcards
(144 cards)
1
Q
Non-infectious Possible causes of hepatitis
A
drugs, alcohol
2
Q
Infectious causes of hepatitis
A
viral hepatitis
3
Q
___ is a systemic disease with primary inflammation of the liver by any one of a heterogenous
group of hepatotropic viruses
A
Viral hepatitis
4
Q
Hepatitis A belongs to the family of
____
A
picornaviridae
5
Q
Hepatitis B came from a family of
A
→ hepadnaviridae family
6
Q
Hepatitis C →
A
→ Flaviviridae family
7
Q
Hepatitis D →
A
Deltaviridae family
8
Q
Hepatitis E →
A
Hepeviridae family
9
Q
Since we are dealing with viral hepatitis, we can classify it if it is a ___ or ____.
A
primary or secondary
10
Q
the most common cause of hepatitis
A
primary hepatitis - cause by 5 viral hepatitis
11
Q
____ that can also cause liver inflammation
include HSV, CMV, EBV, yellow fever, dengue virus, west nile virus, Japanese encephalitis virus and even rubella.
A
Secondary hepatitis
12
Q
a hepatitis which come from a certain condition
A
secondary hepatitis
13
Q
CLINICAL FINDINGS OF VIRAL HEPATITIS
A
- Fever
- Anorexia
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- jaundice
14
Q
yellowish discoloration of the skin, sclera of the eyes, mucous membrane.
A
Jaundice
15
Q
what causes jaundice?
A
liver is affected causing elevated bilirubin in the blood stream depositing in different parts of the body
16
Q
normal bilirubin concentration
is about _____
A
1-1.5 milligrams per deciliter (1-1.5 mg/dL)
17
Q
< 3.0 mg/dL means
A
hyper bilirubinemia
18
Q
is a type of brain damage that can
result from high levels of bilirubin in a baby’s blood.
A
KERNICTERUS
19
Q
what will happen to urine and feces if there’s elevated bilirubin?
A
dark urine and pale feces
20
Q
other marker to consider if there’s hepatitis
A
liver enzymes (ALT or SGPT) - (Alanine Aminotransferase
AST (Aspartate Aminotransferase
old term will be the SGOT),
ALP (Alkaline Phosphatase)
LDH (Lactate Dehydrogenase),
cholinesterase,
GGT (Gamma glutamyl transferase)
21
Q
Hepatitis A other name
A
infectious hepatitis
22
Q
among the liver enzymes, the most associated is the ___
A
ALT - alanine transferase
23
Q
hepatitis that can be transmitted feco orally
A
T - AE
24
Q
most commonly encountered lab acquired infction
A
hepatitis B
25
coinfection of hepatitis B
hepatitis D
26
a hepatitis that is parenterally transmitted.
Hepatitis C
27
It is also known as
the NON-A and NON-B HEPATITIS.
Hepatitis C
28
diffrence of hepa b to hepa c
Hepatitis C has no vaccination
29
enterically transmitted. It is part of a viral
hepatitis.
Hepatitis E
30
HEPATITIS A VIRUS
family
Picornaviridae
31
HEPATITIS A VIRUS genus
Genus
32
Morphology of hepa A
Naked, Icosahedral, linear, SS RNA, and
28nm
33
Other names of hepa A
Infectious hepatitis,
Enterovirus 72.
Short incubation hepatitis
34
hepa A MOT
fecal oral route (principal mode of
transmission)
35
what hepatitis we can acquired upon eating isaw isaw
hepa A
36
is one of the most common causes of
gastroenteritis among children
Hepatitis A i
37
the other way kung pano natratransmit ang
hepatitis A virus meron tayong tinatawag na
person to person transmission during ___
blood
transfusion
38
Incubation Period of hepa A
10-50 days
39
Treatment for hepa A
Supportive care
40
a self limiting hepatitis
Hepatitis A
41
Prevention/vaccine for hepatitis A
Inactivated vaccine (Twinrix)
42
how many doses of Inactivated vaccine (Twinrix) is administered for hepatitis A
2 doses
43
what is included in the supportive care for hepa A
bed rest, nutritional support and medication for fever, nausea and diarrhea
44
as a preventive measures, since hepa A is can be acquired tru conatminated water and food :
Treatment of water
hygienic measures
passive immunization
Prophylactic administration - immune globulin using pooled plasma
45
a process wherein a blood sample is collected from patients that used to have hepatitis and use it as an intervention
plasmapheresis
46
the plasma collected by plasmapheresis must be administered within how many weeks of exposure
2 weeks
47
are shed in the feces
of infected individuals during the incubation and the early acute stage of infection
Hepatitis A virus antigen
48
HAV will decline once ___
once the symptoms subside
49
is HAV a clinically useful indicator of the disease
nope
50
what is the useful way to detect and diagnose the hepatitis A infection
serological test
51
is detectable at onset of clinical
symptoms and it will decline to undetectable levels within 6 months.
IgM anti-HAV
52
indicates that the patient has developed immmunity to the virus, EITHER THROUGH
VACCINATION OR NATURAL INFECTION.
total anti HAV
53
Total anti-HAV → also detects IgM anti
HAV but predominantly it detects the which Immunoglobulin?
IgG
54
HEPATITIS B VIRUS family
hepadnaviridae
55
HEPATITIS B VIRUS gensu
Orthohepadnavirus
56
HEPATITIS B VIRUS morphology
o Enveloped, icosahedral, circular, DS DNA,
o 42 nm
57
Other names of hepa B
o Serum hepatitis, Dane particle, long incubation
hepatitis
o Australian hepatitis
58
We have 8 genotypes designated for Hepa B which has been identified based on the nucleotide sequence differences in their genomes.
A, B, C, D, ,E, F, G, H
59
Transmission of Hepatitis B
Parenteral, perinatal, sexual intercourse
60
Incubation Period of Hepatitis B
40-180 days
61
Treatment of hepatitis B
Supportive care, interferon, lamivudine, liver
transplant, HB immunoglobulin
62
Prevention/Vaccine
how many doses for hepatitis B of inactivated vaccine
3 doses
63
→ vertical transmission from mother to infant.
perinatal
64
serological marker for perinatal transmission signifyng that the mother is positive with Hepa B
HBE antigen
65
a passive immunization we can administer to a mother acquiring hepa B and positive to HBE antigen
HB Ig - HB immunoglobulin.
66
the first serologic marker to appear in blood after infection
hepa B surface antigen
67
___ indicates viral replication and infectivity.
HBeAg
68
___ is a soluble protein found only in HBeAg-positive serum.
HBeAg
69
Persistence of HBeAg in serum beyond ___ indicates an increased likelihood of chronic hepatitis
3 months
70
A.K.A HB core antigen
HBcAg
71
Not detectable in serum because of the viral envelope that mask
* Detectable only through biopsy of the infected liver
HBcAg
72
____ appears shortly after HBsAg is detect (HBcAg alone does not appear in serum)
IgM anti-HBc
73
IgM anti-Hbc Can persist for ____months or longer
3-6
74
Indicator of current or recent infections which is useful in
detecting infection during window period
Anti-HBc:
75
-also appears during acute hepatitis B but IgG anti-persists indefinitely.
IgG antiHBc
76
indicates that the patient is recovering from HBV infection.
Anti-HBe:
77
Disappearance of HBsAg and the appearance of _____signals recovery from HBV infection, non-infectivity.
Anti-HBs (HBsAb):
78
Persist for years and provide protective immunity
Anti-HBs (HBsAb)
79
Produced after Hepatitis B vaccine consisting of recombinant Hepatitis B surface antigen produced from genetically engineered yeast
Anti-HBs (HBsAb):
80
HEPATITIS C VIRUS fam
Flaviviridae
81
Genus of hepa C
Hepacivirus
82
Morphology of hepa C
o Enveloped, icosahedral, linear, ss RNA
o 45 nm
83
Other names of hepatitis C
Non-A non-B hepatitis
84
Transmission of hepatitis C
Parenteral, sexual intercourse
85
Incubation period of hepatitis C
30-50 days
86
Treatment for hepatitis C
Supportive care, Interferon, Ribavirin, Liver
transplant
87
Preventive/Vaccine for hepatitis C
No vaccine available
88
HCV-Antibody – ___used to diagnose hepatitis C infection.
ELISA
89
Not useful in the acute phase as it takes at least 4 weeks after infection before antibody appears.
HCV-Antibody
90
May be used to diagnose HCV infection in the acute phase
HCV-RNA
91
HCV-RNA is only used only tru
PCR - polymerase chain reaction
92
an EIA for HCV antigen is available. It is used in the same capacity as HCV-RNA tests but is much easier to carry out.
HCV-Antigen
93
HDV is considered to be a ___because it can propagate only in the presence of the hepatitis B virus (HBV).
subviral satellite
94
Family of hepa D
Deltaviridae
95
genus of hepa D
Deltavirus
96
hepa D morp
o Enveloped, circular, ss RNA
o 37 nm
97
other names of hepa D
Defective virus, delta hepatitis
98
MOT of hepa D
o Parenteral, sexual intercourse
o Co-infection with Hepatitis B
99
Incubation period of hepa D
o 15-150 days
100
Treatment of hepa D
supportive care
101
Prevention/Vaccine for hepa D
No vaccine but it helped when vaccinated with
HBV
102
✓ + IgM and IgG Anti-HDV
✓ + HDV RNA
✓ + IgM anti-HBc
✓ - IgG anti-HBc
co infection
103
✓ + IgM and IgG Anti-HDV
✓ + HDV RNA
✓ - IgM anti-HBc
✓ + IgG anti-HBc
HEPATITIS E VIRUS
super infection
104
HEPATITIS D VIRUS fam
Hepeviridae
105
HEPATITIS E VIRUS genus
Hepacivirus
106
HEPATITIS E VIRUS is called before as
Caliciviridae
107
Other Names of HEPATITIS E VIRU
Water Bourne Hepatitis
108
Transmission of hepa E
Fecal-oral Route
109
Incubation Period –of hepa E
2-9 weeks
110
Treatment of hepa E
▪ Supportive care
▪ Self-Limiting
111
* Vaccine – for Hepa E
No vaccine
112
Diagnosis for hepa E
▪ HEV Ag
▪ IgM Anti-HEV
▪ HEV RNA (PCR)
113
It has been widely distributed worldwide,
specifically in the United States and Europe.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus I (HIV I)
114
Family of hiv
Retroviridae
115
Subfamily of hiv
Orthoretrovirinae
116
genus of hiv
Lentivirus
117
It is present in West Africa and it is less pathogenic compared with the HIV I. I.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus II (HIV II)
118
Gag or group specific Ag is located in
necleocapsid
119
Patient is either asymptomatic or may show
lymphadenopathy
Primary Stage
120
enlargement of the lymph
nodes
Lymphadenopathy
121
This state is known as the ARC (Aids-Related
Complex)
Intermediate Stage
122
Quantitative T cell deficiencies with inverted CD4:CD8 ratio
Intermediate Stage
123
2-10 yrs after initial infection
fina stage
124
A syndrome of CD4 depletion resulting in opportunistic
infections and cancer suggestive of cell-mediated
immunity defects
final stage
125
Normal value of CD4: ___per microliter
500-1,300
126
Individuals with HIV progressing to AIDS: cd4 ____
< 200 microliters
127
TESTS TO DETECT HIV ANTIBODY
screening and confirmatory
128
most widely used screening test for
HIV antibodies
ELISA (INDIRECT)
129
Screening Tests - TESTS TO DETECT HIV ANTIBODY
1. ELISA (INDIRECT) - most widely used screening test for
HIV antibodies
2. ELISA (Competitive Assay)
3. Slide Agglutination Tests (Passive Agglutination)
4. RIA
130
Confirmatory Tests for HIV
1. WESTERN BLOT ASSAY - most widely used
supplementary test for confirming reactive HIV
2. ELISA Ab test
131
most widely used
supplementary test for confirming reactive HIV
WESTERN BLOT ASSAY
132
2. ELISA Ab test
▪ (+) result
atleast 2 out of 3 antibodies.
Antibody against,
p24,gp41 and gp120 or gp160
133
ELISA Ab test
(-) result
if no bands appear
134
CDC GUIDELINES OF HIV REPORTING
2 positive elisa test and a positive western blot assay test if all are positive then the patient is POSITIVE for the virus
135
INDIRECT IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE ASSAY (IFA)
1. In situ hybridization
2. Filter hybridization
3. SOUTHERN BLOT Hybridization – DNA
4. DNA Amplification
5. PCR – tests HIV RNA
6. NORTHERN BLOT – measures mRNA antigen
136
SNOW DROP
SOUTHERN blot - DNa
northern blot - rna
western blot - protein
137
appear relatively early after
exposure to the virus
Anti-p24 and anti-p55
138
appear slightly later but
remain throughout all disease stages in an HIV-infected
patient.
Anti-gp41, gp120 and gp160
139
antiretroviral drugs will help us to prevent the
replication process of hiv viral
140
antiretroviral drugs classes are the
standard of treatment and are referred to as ___
combination antiretroviral therapy (CART) or Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).
141
Persons initial HIV regimen is generally includes 3 HIV
medicine from at least 2 different drug classes
1. Atripla® (Sustiva + Emtriva + Viread)
2. Complera® (Edurant + Emtriva + Viread)
3. Genvoya® (Vitekta + Tybost + Emtriva + tenofovir alafenamide) Odefsey® (Edurant + Emtriva + tenofovir alafenamide)
4. Stribild® (Vitekta + Tybost + Emtriva + iread)
5. Triumeq® (Tivicay + Epzicom + Ziagin)
142
Treatment for HIV
* Entry inhibitors
* Protease inhibitors
* Integrase inhibitors
* Reverse transcriptase inhibitors
143
Prevention for HIV
No vaccine available.
144
