Flashcards For the Quarter 1 Exam (skeletal system, nervous system, endocrine system, medical terminology, body planes, medical abbreviations, word roots)
1
Q
functions of the skeletal system
A
- to provide shape and support to the body
- to protect vital organs
- to act as a set of levers
- together with muscles help a person move
- to produce blood cells
- to store calcium
2
Q
long bones
A
longer than they are wide; form the extremities (arms and legs)
3
Q
short bones
A
have similar length and width to long bones; can be found in the wrists and ankles; have an outer layer of compact bone and an inner layer of bone with a latticework structure
4
Q
flat bones
A
have a broad shape; can be found in the skull, shoulder blades, and pelvis; cover organs to protect them or to provide a surface for large areas of muscle
5
Q
irregular bones
A
specialized; do not fit the other types; ex.: bones of the ear, face and vertebrae
6
Q
diaphysis (shaft)
A
longest part of a bone
7
Q
epiphysis
A
each end of the shaft
8
Q
articular cartilage
A
thin layer that covers the epiphysis to absorb shock where two bones meet to form a joint
9
Q
the outer part of the bone
A
is made of compact bone tissue, does not bend easily, covered by the periosteum
10
Q
periosteum
A
tough, fibrous tissue; contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, and osteoblasts for bone growth, repair and nutrition
11
Q
inside of the compact bone
A
spongy bone
12
Q
medullary canal
A
cavity in the center of the shaft where marrow is stored; lined by the endosteum to keep the cavity intact
13
Q
marrow
A
present in long bones; important for making blood cells
14
Q
red marrow
A
found in epiphyses and certain flat bones; produces red blood cells, platelets, some white blood cells
15
Q
children (-red marrow-)
A
have throughout their bodies; as they become adults, most is replaced with yellow marrow
16
Q
yellow marrow
A
mostly made of flat cells; fills the medullary canal; serves as fat storage; contains blood vessels and some cells that form white blood cells
17
Q
ligaments
A
important part of the skeletal system; tough, fibrous brands of connective tissue; serve to support the internal organs and hold bones together at the joints
18
Q
joints
A
structures that separate two or more adjacent elements of the skeletal system (ex.: elbows and knees); classified by movement
19
Q
categories (classifications/divisions) of joints
A
fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
20
Q
fibrous joints
A
connected by dense connective tissues consistent mainly of collagen; immovable; skull bones are connected by fibrous joints
21
Q
cartilaginous joints
A
connected entirely by cartilage: allows more movement between bones than a fibrous joint, but less than synovial joints (ex.: the intervertebral discs you see when you see images of the spine)
22
Q
synovial joints
A
most common type of joints in the body; unlike the others, have a joint cavity that contains fluid, provides a greater range of motion and to cushion the bones from impact against each other
23
Q
two sections (divisions) of the skeletal system
A
axial and appendicular
24
Q
axial skeleton
A
forms the main trunk of the body; includes the skull, spinal column, ribs, breastbone
25
appendicular skeleton
forms the extremities (the shoulder girdle, arm bones, pelvic girdle, and leg bones)
26
make-up of the skull
consists of the cranium and facial bones
27
cranium
surrounds and protects the brain
28
cranial bones
join at points called sutures
29
fontanels ("soft spots")
two openings in the cranium at birth; give space for the skull to enlarge as the brain grows; usually close by 18-24 months of age
30
8 cranial bones
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, ethmoid, sphenoid
31
facial bones
also part of the skull; guard and support the eyes, nose, mouth, and ears
32
14 facial bones
* 5 nasal
* 2 maxilla (upper jaw)
* 2 lacrimal (inner aspect of the eyes)
* 2 zygomatic (cheek)
* 2 palatine (roof of the mouth)
* 1 mandible (lower jaw)
33
mandible
(the lower jaw) the only movable bone in the bone, contains the sockets for the lower teeth
34
maxillary bones
contain the sockets for the upper teeth
35
spinal column (vertebral column)
consists of 26 bones called vertebrae; encloses and protects the spinal cord and supports the head and trunk
36
discs of cartilage tissue
separate the vertebrae to cushion the bones and allow movement
37
the spinal column includes these vertebrae:
* 7 cervical (neck)
* 12 thoracic (chest)
* 5 lumbar (lower back)
* 1 sacrum (back of pelvic girdle)
* 1 coccyx (tailbone)
38
thorax (chest cavity)
helps protect the heart and lungs
39
12 pairs of ribs "costae":
* first 7 pairs - "true ribs"; attached to the sternum (breastbone)
* next 5 pairs - "false ribs"; the first 3 pairs of these ribs each attach to the cartilage of the rib above it, the last 2 pairs have no attachment on the front of the body and are called "floating ribs"
40
the sternum includes:
the manubrium, the gladiolus, the xiphoid process
41
manubrium
the upper region; attached by ligaments on both sides to the clavicles/collarbones
42
gladious
the body
43
xiphoid process
small piece of cartilage at the bottom
44
shoulder girdle/pectoral girdle
includes 4 bones: 2 clavicles/collarbones. 2 scapulas/shoulder bones
45
clavicles/collarbones
help brace the shoulders and prevent a person from having too much forward motion
46
scapulas/shoulder bones
provide a place for the arms to be attached; together with muscles, assist with arm movement
47
humerus
upper arm bone
48
ulna
lower arm bone whose upper end forms the elbow
49
radius
lower arm bone on the thumb side
50
the bones of each hand include the following:
* 8 carpals form the wrist
* 5 metacarpals form the palm of the hand
* 14 phalanges form the fingers
51
pelvic girdle
includes 2 os coxae/hip bones that attach to the sacrum in addition to connecting to each other at a joint called the symphysis pubis
52
os coxae
consists of these 3 fused sections: illium, ischium, pubis
53
pelvic girdle
supports the trunk of the body (in particular the lower soft abdominal organs); provides a place for the legs to be attached
54
the bones of each leg include the following:
* femur - the thigh bone in the upper leg; longest bone in the body
* patella - kneecap
* tibia - the shin in the lower leg
* fibula - located in the lower leg next to the tibia
55
the bones of each foot include the following:
* 7 tarsals - form the ankle
* calcaneus - large tarsal bone that forms the heel
* 5 metatarsals - form the instep of the foot
* 14 phalanges - form the toes
56
diarthrosis joint
movable
57
amphiarthrosis joint
partially movable
58
synarthrosis joint
immovable
59
joint
area where two or more bones connect
60
arthritis
refers to a group of disorder where one or more joints are inflamed; in many cases, cause unknown, some causes may include joint disease, infection, or trauma
61
rheumatoid arthritis
the body's immune system attacks its own tissue at the joints
62
osteoarthritis/degenerative joint disease
usually occurs with aging
63
symptoms of arthritis
pain, swollen joints, stiffness during motion
64
treatments for arthritis
no cure; treatment geared toward relieving discomfort: rest, application of heat and cold, pain and anti-inflammatory medication, steroid injections; when severe damage has occured, surgery may be performed to replace joints
65
sprain
when a twisting action tears the ligaments at a joint; may be caused by a sudden or unusual motion
66
symptoms of sprain
pain, swelling, limited movement of the joint
67
treatments for sprain
involves rest, elevation, immobilization with a bandage or splint, anti-inflammatory medication, alternating application of heat and cold
68
dislocation
when a bone is displaced from a joint; typically caused by trauma, may also be inherited; often occurs in shoulders, fingers, knees, hips
69
treatments for dislocation
involves reduction, immobilization with a splint or cast, rest
70
reduction
the return of the bone to its proper position
71
fracture
crack or break in the bone caused by trauma
72
symptoms of fracture
include pain, swelling, bruising
73
treatments for fracture
involves resetting the bone and immobilization with a cast or traction
74
greenstick
the bone is bent and split; does not completely break
75
simple or closed
the bone completely breaks but does not pierce through the skin
76
compound or open
the bone breaks and pierces through the skin, can lead to infection
77
comminuted
the bone splinters into more than two pieces, which can become embedded in the surrounding tissue
78
muscular system
contains over 600 muscles
79
muscle
~40% of body weight
80
functions of the muscular system
1. helps with body movement
2. supports body posture
3. produces heat and energy
4. protects internal organs
5. helps move blood, food, and waste products through the body
6. opens and closes body openings
81
muscles
usually act in groups to create movement
82
each muscle
is a distinct part
83
all muscles
have/share four common traits
84
excitability or irritability
(one of four shared muscle traits) the ability to respond to a stimulus (such as a nerve or hormone); muscles can be stimulated electrically, mechanically, or chemically
85
contractibility
(one of four shared muscle traits) the ability to shorten and produce movement when stimulated
86
extensibility
(one of four shared muscle traits) the ability to be stretched and lengthened
87
elasticity
the ability to return to its original shape after contracting or stretching
88
muscle tone
refers to the ability of muscles to be slightly contracted at all times (even when not in use); allows a person to be in a state of readiness to act
89
types of muscle tissue
cardiac, visceral, skeletal
90
cardiac muscle
forms the walls of the heart; when contracts, causes the heart to beat to circulate blood
91
visceral/smooth muscle
found in hollow organs, in the walls of blood vessels, the eyes; contracts to produce movement in these organs
92
skeletal muscle
attached to the bones; helps produce body movement
93
microscopic anatomical make-up of skeletal muscle (microscopic anatomy)
have alternating light and dark bands; light band has a darker area called "Z disc", dark band has a lighter area called H zone/bare zone; bands give the muscle cell its striped appearance
94
microscopic anatomical make-up of visceral muscle (microscopic anatomy)
shows no cross stripes under microscopic magnification; consists of narrow, spindle-shaped cells with a single, centrally located nucleus; smooth muscle tissue (unlike striated muscle) contracts slowly and automatically, makes up much of the musculature of internal organs and digestive system
95
microscopic anatomical make-up of cardiac muscle (microscopic anatomy)
(like skeletal muscle cells) cardiac muscle cells are striated with narrow dark and light bands; however these are narrower and and much shorter than skeletal muscle cells; often branched and contain one or more nuclei; branched ends fit together tightly (not seen in skeletal muscle)
96
tendons
brands of fibrous tissue that attach muscles to bones
97
origin
the end of the muscle that is connected to the bone that is immovable
98
insertion
the end connected to the bone that moves when the muscle contracts
99
fascia
a sheet of tough fibrous tissue that wraps around an individual muscle
100
flexion
bending a body part, decreases the angle of the joint
101
extension
straightening a body part, increases the angle of the joint
102
abduction
moving a body part away from the midline
103
adduction
moving a body part toward the midline
104
rotation
turning a body part around on its own axis to produce a circular or semi-circular rotation
105
circumduction
the movement of a body region in a circular manner, in which one end of the body region being moved stays relatively stationary while the other end moves in a circle
106
supination and pronation
movements of the forearm
107
supination
when the upper limb is held next to the body with the palm facing forward
108
pronation
the motion that moves the forearm from the supination position to the palm facing backward position
109
dorisflexion and plantar flexion
movements at the ankle joint (is a hinge joint)
110
dorisflexion
lifting the foot so that the top of the foot moves toward the anterior leg
111
plantar flexion
lifting the heel of the foot from the ground or pointing the toes downward
112
inversion
the turning of the foot to angle the bottom of the foot toward the midline
113
eversion
turns the bottom of the foot away from the midline (the foot has a greater range of inversion than eversion motion)
114
protraction
of the scapula occurs when the shoulder is moved forward
115
retraction
opposite to protraction; the scapula is pulled posteriorly and medially, toward the vertebral column
116
loss of muscle tone
can result from serious illness (ex.: paralysis)
117
lack of muscle tone
can result in atrophy or contracture
118
atrophy
a reduction in size and strength of the muscle
119
contracture
a severe tightening of muscle resulting in permanent bending of a joint
120
muscle strain
torn or stretched muscles or tendons
121
causes of muscle strain
muscles being used too suddenly or for too long
122
symptoms of muscle strain
include pain and swelling from bleeding inside the muscle
123
treatments for muscle strain
involve rest, elevation, muscle relaxants or pain medication, alternating hot and cold applications
124
fibromyalgia
refers to a group of muscle disorders with chronic pain in specific muscle sites
125
causes of fibromyalgia
exact cause unknown, affected by stress, the weather, poor physical fitness
126
symptoms of fibromyalgia
include fatigue, headache, feelings of numbness and tingling; no inflammation
127
fibromyalgia treatment
involves rest, reducing stress, exercise, massage, medication to relax muscles and relieve pain
128
muscular dystrophy
refers to a group of inherited diseases in which the muscles gradually atrophy (waste away)
129
symptoms of muscular dystrophy
painless, progressive muscle weakness, mild disability
130
symptoms of severe forms of muscular dystrophy
total disability and eventually death
131
treatment to slow the progress of muscular dystrophy
(no cure in known) medication, physical therapy, corrective surgery
132
nervous system
the communication network for the body
133
the nervous system (relates to the other systems)
the most highly organized system
134
the main function of the nervous system
to coordinate all of the body's activities
135
when changes occur inside or outside the body
the nervous system allows it to recognize them and respond as needed
136
the basic element of the nervous system
the neuron
137
neuron/nerve cell
job is to transmit a message from one cell to the next
138
in order for a neuron to perform its job
contains special fibers that extend from the cytoplasm of the cell body
139
dendrites
conduct impulses toward the cell
140
a nerve cell
may have several dendrites
141
axons
conduct impulses away from the cell
142
each nerve cell
has only one axon
143
many axons
covered by a fatty tissue called the myelin sheath
144
myelin sheath
protects the axons and speeds up the impulse as it travels
145
impulse
refers to a force that produces sudden activity in nerve cells and is transmitted in a wave along nerve fibers
146
the axon of one neuron
lies close to many dendrites of other neurons
147
synapse
the space between a dendrite and an axon
148
neurotransmitters
special chemicals that help impulses "jump" the synapse to pass the message from cell to cell
149
neurons
form bundles called nerves
150
the impulses
can follow many different routes throughout the body
151
types of neurons
afferent, efferent, associative
152
afferent neurons/sensory neurons
carry messages from all parts of the body to the brain and spinal cord
153
efferent neurons/motor neurons
carry messages from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands
154
associative neurons/interneurons
carry messages from afferent neurons to efferent neurons
155
the two main divisions of the nervous system
central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
156
central nervous system
consists of the brain, spinal cord, optic (eye) nerves
157
peripheral nervous system
consists of nerves that reach all parts of the body
158
autonomic nervous system
the special division of the peripheral nervous system which controls the involuntary activities of the vital organs
159
spinal cord
controls many reflex actions; acts as a pathway for messages to and from the brain and the nerves that go to the muscles and glands
160
involuntary
refers to actions that are not controlled by a person's conscious thought/will
161
brain
interprets, organizes, and stores information
162
job of the brain
to control and direct body functions
163
the main sections of the brain
the cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, brain stem
164
cerebrum
the largest and highest section of the brain; separated into four lobes; concerned with reasoning, the senses, speech, voluntary body movement
165
the four lobes of the cerebrum
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
166
diencephalon
includes two parts: the thalamus and the hypothalamus
167
thalamus
directs sensory impulses to the cerebrum
168
hypothalamus
controls the autonomic nervous system, body temperature, appetite, water balance, sleep, blood vessel constriction and dilation
169
the hypothalamus is a role-player in
emotions (ex.: anger, fear, pleasure, pain, affection)
170
cerebellum
responsible for coordination of muscle movements, balance and posture, muscle tone
171
brain stem
includes three parts
172
parts of the brain stem
the midbrain, the pons, the medulla oblongata
173
midbrain
conducts impulses between the brain parts and for certain eye and auditory reflexes
174
pons
directs messages to other parts of the brain and for chewing, saliva production; helps with respiration
175
medulla oblongata
connects with the spinal cord; regulates heartbeat, respiration, swallowing, blood pressure
176
spinal cord location
starts at the base of the brain stem and extends to the area around the first lumbar vertebrae in the lower back
177
encasement of the spinal cord
the vertebral column
178
spinal column/vertebral column
consists of 26 bones called vertebrae
179
spinal cord
controls many reflex actions; acts as a pathway for messages to and from the brain and the nerves that go to the muscles and glands
180
optic nerve location
in the back of the eye
181
optic nerve
responsible for transferring visual information from the retina to the vision centers of the brain via electrical impulses
182
the second of several pairs of cranial nerves
the optic nerve
183
the make-up of the optic nerve
made up of nerve cells; consists of over one million nerve fibers
184
the protector of the brain
the skull
185
the protectors of the spinal cord
the surrounding vertebrae
186
meninges
three layers of tough membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord
187
the three meninges layers
1. the dura mater - the outer layer
2. arachnoid membrane - the middle layer
3. pia mater - the innermost layer
188
cerebrospinal fluid
watery liquid that fills the brain's four ventricles (hollow spaces); acts as a shock absorber
189
functions of the cerebrospinal fluid
1. carries nutrients to some parts of the central nervous system
2. helps remove metabolic products and wastes
190
movement of cerebrospinal fluid
flows throughout the brain and around the spinal cord for further protection
191
make-up of the peripheral nervous system
includes 12 pairs of cranial nerves and their branches and 31 pairs of spinal nerves and their branches
192
some of the cranial nerves
process input from special senses, such as sight, hearing, taste, smell
193
other cranial nerves
receive general sensations (ex.: touch, pressure, pain, temperature); send out impulses to control muscles
194
spinal nerves
carry messages to and from the spinal cord
195
each spinal nerve
goes directly to a certain part of the body or forms a network with other spinal nerves to reach a larger segment of the body
196
two divisions of the autonomic nervous system
the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
197
the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
usually work together to maintain a balanced state for the body
198
sympathetic system
in times of emergency, prepares the body for action with the "fight or flight" response
199
functions of the sympathetic system
1. increases heart rate, respiration, blood pressure
| 2. slows the rate of digestion
200
parasympathetic system
after the stress is over (after the emergency), reverses the actions of the sympathetic system to counteract the effects and return the body to normal working conditions
201
autism/autism spectrum disorder
refers to a broad range of conditions characterized by challenges with social skills, repetitive behaviors, speech, nonverbal communication; a brain disorder
202
cause of autism
unknown
203
the nature of autism
appears to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors
204
the most common cause of dementia
Alzheimer's disease
205
dementia
a general term for memory loss serious enough to interfere with daily life
206
Alzheimer's disease
occurs when nerve cells in the brain die; a progressive neurodegenerative disease
207
results of Alzheimer's disease
often results in impaired memory, thinking, behavior
208
in advanced stages of Alzheimer's disease
complications from severe loss of brain function and can result in death
209
treatment for Alzheimer's disease
no treatment that cures the disease or alters the disease's process in the brain
210
myasthenia gravis
disease where the proper nerve pulses are not sent to the muscles
211
the result of myasthenia gravis
progressive muscle weakness and paralysis occur
212
cause of myasthenia gravis
exact cause unknown; thought that it may be related to an autoimmune process
213
cure for myasthenia gravis
none
214
treatment for myasthenia gravis
involves medication and lifestyle changes to cope with the disease
215
definitions/synonyms of cerebrovascular accident
1. CVA
2. stroke
3. "brain attack"
216
cerebrovascular accident
occurs when there is a loss of blood flow, and in turn oxygen, to the brain
217
possible causes of cerebrovascular accident
a blood vessel bursting or being blocked by a blood clot
218
symptoms of cerebrovascular accident
vary depending on the area and the amount of brain tissue damaged
219
common symptoms of cerebrovascular accident
include weakness or paralysis on one side of the body, difficulty swallowing, visual or speech impairment, mental confusion, loss of consciousness
220
stroke
a leading cause of death in the United States
221
controlling risk factors of stroke
smoking, heart disease, diabetes (helps to prevent them)
222
treatment within the first three hours of a stroke
(ex.: using drugs to break up a clot and restore blood flow) can help to prevent brain damage
223
treatment for any damage
(from a stroke) involves therapy to help people recover from or adapt to the losses of mental or physical function
224
multiple sclerosis (MS)
disease of the central nervous system
225
the result of multiple sclerosis
progressive loss of muscle control
226
the myelin sheath in multiple sclerosis
slowly destroyed
227
the exact cause of multiple sclerosis
unknown; thought that it may be related to a virus or an autoimmune process
228
early symptoms of multiple sclerosis
include double vision, tingling and numbness, weakness, fatigue
229
as multiple sclerosis worsens
symptoms include tremors, speech impairment, paralysis
230
cure for multiple sclerosis
none
231
treatment for multiple sclerosis
involves medication and physical therapy to help control the symptoms and maintain functional ability as long as possible
232
function of the endocrine system
to secrete hormones to regulate body activities
233
hormones
often referred to as "chemical messengers"; carried throughout the body by bloodstream; each coordinates and directs specific activities of the body, resulting in many different hormones performing many functions
234
exocrine glands
release chemical substances through ducts to outside the body or another surface within the body
235
pituitary gland
"master gland"; hormones it produces regulate other gland
236
luteinizing hormone
stimulates ovulation and the formation of the corpus luteum to secrete progesterone in females
237
follicle-stimulating hormone
stimulates the growth of the ovarian follicle and estrogen production in females; stimulates sperm production in males
238
prolaction hormone
develops breast tissue and produces milk in females after childbirth
239
thyroid-stimulating hormone
stimulates the growth and secretion of the thyroid gland
240
interstitial cell-stimulating hormone
stimulates the secretion of testosterone in males
241
growth hormone
responsible for growth and devleopment
242
adrenocorticotropic hormone
stimulates the growth and secretion of the adrenal cortex
243
the hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland
antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin
244
antidiuretic hormone
maintains water balance by increasing the absorption of water by the kidneys (vasopressin)
245
oxytocin
stimulates contractions of the uterus in females during childbirth; stimulates milk flow during breastfeeding
246
thyroid gland
produces thyroxine, triiodothyronine, calcitonin
247
thyroxine and triiodothyronine
regulate body metabolism
248
calcitonin
reduces the amount of calcium in the blood
249
location of the thyroid gland
the upper part of the neck
250
the two lobes of the thyroid gland
connected by a small piece of tissue called the isthmus
251
the importance of iodine
requirement of the thyroid gland to function properly
252
the obtainence of iodine
certain foods and iodized salt
253
location of the parathyroid glands
attached to the back side of the thyroid gland
254
parathyroid glands
produce the hormone parathormone
255
parathormone
1. maintains the balance of calcium and phosphorus in the blood
2. stimulates bone cells to break down bone tissue and release calcium and phosphates
3. causes the kidneys to conserve calcium and remove excess phosphorus from the blood
256
location of the adrenal glands
pair of glands with one located above each kidney
257
adrenal cortex
secrets 30 hormones that can be classified into three basic groups
258
glucocorticoids
(one of the three basic groups of the 30 hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex)
1. reduce inflammation
2. metabolize food
3. create new cells
259
mineralocorticoids
(one of the three basic groups of the 30 hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex)
1. control the body's fluid level and electrolyte balance
2. influence the rate at which the kidneys excrete mineral salts
260
androgens
(one of the three basic groups of the 30 hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex)
help develop sexual characteristics in males
261
adrenal medulla
secretes the hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine
262
epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine
work with the sympathetic nervous system and cause the "fight or flight" response
263
location of the pancreas
behind the stomach
264
pancreas
produces the hormones insulin and glucagon; is both an endocrine and exocrine gland
265
insulin
causes cells to store glucose to reduce high blood sugar levels
266
glucagon
causes stored glucose to be released in response to low blood sugar levels
267
location of the pineal gland
deep within the brain
268
pineal gland
secretes melatonin which is believed to affect the sleep cycle and delay the onset of puberty
269
location of the thymus
above the heart
270
thymus
secretes thymosin
271
thymosin
stimulates cells in the immune system during early life
272
thymosin during puberty
wastes away and becomes a small mass of connective tissue and fat
273
location of the ovaries
each of the two ovaries are located on each side of the uterus in the pelvic cavity
274
ovaries
hormones that they produce regulate menstruation and secondary sexual characteristics
275
location of the testes
suspended outside the body in the scrotal sac
276
testes
produce hormones that regulate the sexual characteristics of the male
277
diabetes mellitus
(diabetes) the result of the pancreas not producing enough insulin
278
symptoms of diabetes mellitus
include excessive urination, thirst, hunger
279
types of diabetes mellitus
types 1 and 2
280
type 1 diabetes
usually diagnosed early in life
281
type 2 diabetes
most common in adults over the age of 45; the pancreas produces some insulin, but not enough
282
treatments for type 1 diabetes
involves the injection of insulin on a regular basis
283
treatments for type 2 diabetes
may involve oral medication, exercise, weight loss, insulin injections
284
hyperthyroidism
the result of the thyroid being overactive; leads to increased metabolism
285
symptoms of hyperthyroidism
include extreme nervousness, irritability, weight loss, goiter (a swollen thyroid gland), bulging eyes, rapid pulse
286
treatments for hyperthyroidism
surgery or radiation to remove all or part of the thyroid
287
hypothyroidism
the result of the thyroid being underactive; leads to decreased metabolism
288
symptoms of hypothyroidism
include fatigue, slow mental function, weight gain, coarse skin, a slow pulse
289
treatment of hypothyroidism
involves regular doses of oral medication to restore the level of thyroid hormones
290
divisions of medical terms
a prefix, a root word (or occasionally a combining word), and a suffix
291
double check the meaning of a word
in a medical dictionary
292
in "subhepatic", "hepa" is a:
combining word
293
in "intravenous", "intra" is a:
prefix
294
in "electrocardiogram", "gram" is a:
suffix
295
word root
usually indicates the pertaining body part
296
Pil
Hair
297
Seb
Sebaceous glands
298
Cutane, dermat, derm
Skin
299
Hidr
Sweat glands
300
Myel
Bone marrow
301
Oste, oss, ost
Bones
302
Chondr
Cartilage
303
Arthr
Joints
304
Ligament (skeletal system word root)
Ligaments
305
Fasci
Fascia
306
My (muscular system word root)
Muscles
307
Ten, Tend, Tendin
Tendons
308
Encephal
Brain
309
Acoust, Ot
Ears
310
Ocul, Ophthalm
Eyes
311
Neur
Nerves
312
Myel
Spinal Cord
313
Arteri
Arteries
314
Hem, Hemat
Blood
315
Capill
Capillaries
316
Card, Cardi
Heart
317
Phleb, Ven
Veins
318
Lymph (lymphatic system word root)
Lymph
319
Splen
Spleen
320
Thym (lympatic system word root)
Thymus
321
Tonsil (lympatic system word root)
Tonsils
322
Laryng
Larynx
323
Pneum, Pneumon
Lungs
324
Nas
Nose
325
Pharyng
Pharynx
326
Sinus
Sinuses
327
Trache
Trachea
328
Esophag
Esophagus
329
Col
Large intestine
330
Hepat
Liver
331
Or
Mouth
332
Pancreat
Pancreas
333
Enter
Small intestine
334
Gastr
Stomach
335
Nephr, Ren
Kidneys
336
Ureter
Ureters
337
Urethra
Urethra
338
Cyst, Vesic
Urinary Bladder
339
Adren
Adrenals
340
Gonad
Gonads
341
Pancreat
Pancreas
342
Parathyroid
Parathyroid glands
343
Pineal
Pineal
344
Pituit
Pituitary
345
Thym
Thymus
346
Thyroid
Thyroid
347
Oophor, Ovari
Ovaries
348
Orch, Orchid, Test, Testicul
Testicles
349
Hyster, Metr, Metri-, Uter
Uterus
350
suffix
added to the end of a word root to complete the term; usually describes what is happening to the word root
351
-clast
Broken
352
-blast
Budding
353
-cidal
Causing death
354
-cyte
Cell
355
-ase
Enzyme
356
-al
Pertaining to
357
-centesis
Surgical Puncture
358
-crit
To Separate
359
-emia
Blood Condition
360
-ectomy
Excision or Surgical Removal
361
-glia
Glue
362
-gen, -genesis, -genic
Producing or Causing
363
-gram
Something Written
364
-emesis
Vomiting
365
-ia
Condition Of, Disease or Abnormal State
366
-lytic
Destroy; Reduce
367
-lyte
Dissolvable
368
-megaly
Enlargement
369
-itia, -itis
Inflammation
370
-meter
Instrument Used to Measure
371
-mania
Madness or Insane Desire
372
-iac, -ic, -ior
Pertaining to
373
-ism
State of
374
-logy
Study of
375
-osis
Abnormal Increase in Production
376
-ostomy
Creation of an Artificial Opening
377
-orrhea
Flow, Excessive Discharge
378
-ologist
One who Studies and Practices
379
-orrhexis
Rupture
380
-odia
Smell
381
-opsy
To View
382
-oma
Tumor or Swelling
383
-opia
Vision
384
-stasis
Control or Stop
385
-otomy
Cut Into or Incision
386
-tomy
Cutting
387
-pathy
Disease
388
-sclerosis
Hardening
389
-sepsis
Infection
390
-tropic
Influencing
391
-scope
Instrument Used for Visual Examination
392
-oxia
Oxygen
393
-spasm
Sudden Involuntary Muscle Contraction
394
-scopy
Visual Examination
395
Anti
Against
396
Ante
Before
397
Ab
From or Away
398
Brady
Slow
399
Append
To Hang Something
400
Ad
To or Towards
401
Bi-, Bin
Two
402
Ana
Up
403
A-, An
Without or Abcense of
404
Contra
Against
405
Ecto-, Exo-, Extra
Outside
406
Erythr
Red
407
Dis
To Undo; Free From
408
Di
Two
409
Epi
Upon
410
Endo
Within
411
Infra
Beneath; Below
412
Inter
Between
413
Iso
Equal
414
Intra
Inside
415
Im
Not
416
Hyper
Over
417
Glyc
Sweet
418
Hypo
Under
419
Meta
After
420
Mal
Bad
421
Mut
Change
422
Macro
Large
423
Multi
Many
424
Meso
Middle
425
Neo
New
426
Mono
One
427
Micro
Small
428
Post
After
429
Re
Back, Again
430
Rethro
Backward or Behind
431
Pre
Before
432
para
Beside
433
Patho
Disease
434
Pseudo
False
435
Poly
Many
436
Peri
Surrounding
437
Ultra
Beyond; Excess
438
Tachy
Fast
439
Trettra
Four
440
Semi
Half
441
Mono
One
442
Super
Over or Above
443
Tri
Three
444
Trans
Through, Across, Beyond
445
Syn
Together or Joined
446
Sub
Under or Below
447
the rule for word roots, suffixes, and prefixes when combining word parts
a word root cannot stand alone, a suffix is always required, but not all medical terms have prefixes
448
combining vowel
a vowel that attaches itself to the end of a word root to make a term easier to pronounce
449
most common combining vowel
o
450
rules for using a combining vowel
use a combining vowel when the suffix begins with a consonant and anytime two or more word roots are joined; do not use a combining vowel when the suffix begins with a vowel between a prefix and a word root
451
steps to decoding a medical term
1. define the suffix
2. define the prefix (if there is a prefix)
3. define the word root(s) or combining form(s)
452
definition of erythrocyte
red blood cell
453
definition of gastroenteritis
inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract
454
definition of anecephaly
absence of the brain
455
definition of hyperthyroidism
overactivity of the thyroid gland
456
AA:
Alcoholics Anonymous
457
a.c.:
before meals
458
AD, a.d.:
right ear
459
ad lib:
freely, as often as desired
460
am, AM:
morning
461
AS, a.s.:
left ear
462
AU, a.u.:
each ear
463
BE:
barium enema
464
BID, b.i.d., bid:
twice a day
465
BP:
blood pressure
466
BR:
bedrest
467
BRP:
bathroom privileges
468
BM:
bowel movement
469
Bx:
biopsy
470
C (with line above) c̅ (uppercase):
with
471
CA, Ca:
carcinoma (cancer)
472
cap.:
capsule
473
disc, DC, d.c.:
discontinue
474
DNR:
do not resuscitate
475
Dx, dx:
diagnosis
476
ED:
emergency department
477
ER:
emergency room
478
Fx, fx:
fracture
479
g, gm:
gram
480
gt, gtt:
drop, drops
481
h:
hour
482
h.s.:
hour of sleep (bedtime)
483
Ht., ht:
height
484
Hx:
history
485
H&P:
history and phyiscal
486
inj:
injection
487
I and O, I/O:
intake and output
488
IV:
intravenous
489
K+, K:
potassium
490
mg:
milligram
491
N&V:
nausea and vomiting
492
Na+, Na:
sodium
493
NC:
nasal cannula
494
NPO:
nothing by mouth
495
NPO p MN:
nothing by mouth past midnight
496
oint., ung:
ointment
497
OOB:
out of bed
498
OTC:
over the counter
499
oz.:
ounce
500
P:
pulse
501
p.c.:
after meals
502
pH:
power of hydrogen concentration
503
PM, p.m.:
afternoon
504
PO, po, p.o.:
by mouth
505
PRN:
as needed
506
Pt:
patient
507
q.am.:
every morning
508
q.d.:
once daily
509
q.h.:
every hour
510
q.i.d.:
four times a day
511
QNS:
quantity not sufficient
512
q.s.:
quantity sufficient
513
r, R:
rectal
514
Rx:
prescription
515
S (with line above):
without
516
SOB:
shortness of breath
517
ss:
one-half
518
stat:
immediately
519
syr.:
syrup
520
susp.:
suspension
521
sup., supp.:
suppository
522
T:
temperature
523
tab.:
tablet
524
tbsp., Tbsp., TBS, T.:
tablespoon
525
TID, t.i.d.:
three times a day
526
TPR:
temperature, pulse, and respirators
527
tsp., t.:
teaspoon
528
Tx:
treatment
529
VS:
vital signs
530
W/C, w/c:
wheelchair
531
Ca:
calcium
532
Ortho:
orthopedics
533
TMJ:
temporomandibular joint
534
RA:
rheumatoid arthritis
535
ROM:
range of motion
536
CT:
computed tomography
537
EMG:
electromyography
538
IM:
intramuscular
539
ACL:
anterior cruciate ligament
540
MRI:
magnetic resonance imaging
541
CNS:
central nervous system
542
EEG:
electroencephalogram
543
CSF:
cerebrospinal fluid
544
CVD:
cerebrovascular disease
545
CVA:
cerebrovascular accident (stroke)
546
MS:
multiple sclerosis
547
TIA:
transient ischemic attack
548
OD:
oculus dexter (right eye)
549
OS:
oculus sinister (left eye)
550
PERRLA:
pupils equal, round, reactive to light and communicaton
551
EENT:
eyes, ears, nose, and throat
552
ENT:
ears, nose, and throat
553
OM:
otitis media
554
CABG:
coronary artery bypass graft
555
CCU:
coronary care unit
556
ECG, EKG:
electrocardiogram
557
MI:
myocardial infarction (heart attack)
558
ECHO:
echocardiogram
559
ASHD:
arteriosclerotic heart disease
560
CHD:
coronary heart disease
561
CHF:
coronary heart failure
562
AIDS:
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
563
HD:
Hodgkin's disease
564
HIV:
human immunodeficiency virus
565
CMV:
cytomegalovirus
566
HSV:
herpes simplex virus
567
COPD:
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
568
CXR:
chest X-ray
569
ICU:
intensive care unit
570
TB:
tuberculosis
571
URI:
upper respiratory infection
572
ABG:
arterial blood gas
573
GI:
gastrointestinal tract
574
Upper GI, EGD:
esophagogastroduodenscopy
575
Lower GI:
colonoscopy
576
NG:
nasogastric
577
TPN:
total parenteral nutrition
578
TURP:
transurethral resection of prostate
579
BPH:
benign prostatic hypertrophy
580
UTI:
urinary tract infection
581
UA:
urinalysis
582
BUN:
Blood urea nitrogen
583
ADH:
antidiuretic hormone
584
IVP:
intravenous pyelogram
585
PSA:
prostate-specific antigen
586
PKU:
phenylketonuria
587
BMR:
basal metabolic rate
588
DM:
diabetes mellitus
589
FBS:
fasting blood sugar
590
IDDM:
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus 1 (type 1 diabetes)
591
TSH:
thyroid-stimulating hormone
592
ACTH:
adrenocorticotropic hormone
593
GTT:
glucose tolerance test
594
AB:
abortion
595
AFP:
alpha-fetoprotein
596
BSE:
breast self-exam
597
D&C:
dilation and curettage
598
GU:
genitourinary
599
GYN:
gynecology
600
STD:
sexually-transmitted disease
601
C-section, CS:
Cesarean section
602
EDC:
expected date of confinement
603
LMP:
last menstrual period
604
anatomical position
arms down at the sides and palms facing forward
605
the three body planes
the coronal plane, the midsagittal plane, the transverse plane
606
transverse plane
divides the body into a superior section being the top half of the body and an inferior section being the bottom half of the body
607
superior (body direction)
body parts above other body parts
608
inferior (body direction)
body parts below other body parts
609
cranial
pertaining to the skull
610
caudal
pertaining to the lower end of the spine or feet
611
midsagittal plane
divides the body into vertical equal right and left halves
612
medial
body parts towards the midsagittal plane in relationship to other body parts
613
lateral
body parts away from the midsagittal plane in relationship to other body parts
614
frontal plane
divides the body into vertical front and back sections
615
ventral
on the front side of the body
616
dorsal
on the back side of the body
617
proximal
directional term that defines body parts towards an attachment point
618
distal
directional term that defines body parts away or distant from an attachment point
619
body cavities
spaces within the body that contain vital organs
620
dorsal body cavity
located at the back of the body
621
ventral body cavity
located at the front of the body
622
divisions of the dorsal cavity
the cranial and spinal cavities
623
cranial cavity
contains the brain
624
spinal cavity
contains the spinal cord
625
divisions of the ventral cavity
the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities
626
thoracic cavity
contains the trachea, esophagus, bronchi, lungs, heart, major blood vessels
627
abdominal cavity
contains the stomach, small intestine, most of the large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen
628
pelvic cavity
contains the reproductive organs, bladder, rectum
629
the three smaller cavities in the skull
the nasal, oral, and orbital cavities
630
nasal cavity
contains the parts that form the nose
631
oral cavity
contains the teeth and tongue in the mouth
632
orbital cavity
contains the eye structures
633
nine regions of the abdominal cavity
1. epigastric (located above the stomach)
2. umbilical (located near the umbilicus/belly button)
3. hypogastric/pelvic (located below the stomach)
4. hypochondriac (located below the ribs)
5. lumbar (located near the waist)
6. iliac/inguinal (located near the hips)
