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PRAXIS > FLUENCY > Flashcards

FLUENCY Flashcards

1
Q

Define fluency disorder.

A

interruption in flow of speaking by atypical rate, rhythm, and disfluencies

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2
Q

List the 3 main types of fluency disorders.

A
  1. stuttering
  2. cluttering
  3. neurogenic stuttering
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3
Q

Does stuttering affect all parts of communication (i.e., respiration, phonation, articulation)?

A

Yes. Stuttering involves involuntary breakdowns affecting all parts of communication.

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4
Q

Define stuttering.

A

disruption in flow of speech characterized by repetitions, prolongations, and blocks

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5
Q

What is stuttering characterized by in addition to dysfluencies? (4)

A
  1. negative reactions
  2. avoidance behaviors
  3. escape behaviors
  4. tension
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6
Q

List the types of disfluencies. (3)

A
  1. repetitions
  2. prolongations
  3. interjections
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7
Q

Define repetitions.

A

saying the same element of speech more than once

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8
Q

Define part-word repetitions.

A

repetitions of a part of a word or sound or syllable (S-S-S-Saturday or Sa-Sa-Sa-Saturday)

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9
Q

Define whole-word repetitions.

A

repetitions of entire word more than once (I-I-I-I am fine)

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10
Q

Define phrase repetitions.

A

repetition of more than one word (I am-I am- I am fine)

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11
Q

Define prolongations.

A

extension of syllables and silent postures

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12
Q

Define audible sound prolongations.

A

sounds produced for a duration longer than typical (Mmmommy)

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13
Q

Define blocks.

A

unfilled pause with relaxed hesitation or tense silence

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14
Q

Define interjections.

A

extraneous elements introduced into speech sequence

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15
Q

List 3 types of interjections.

A
  1. sound/syllable: um or uh
  2. word: like
  3. phrase: you know
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16
Q

Define pauses/blocks.

A

silent intervals in the speech sequence at inappropriate junctions or of unusually long duration

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17
Q

Define revisions.

A

changes in wording that do not change the overall meaning of utterance (today is… it’s really cloudy today)

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18
Q

Define incidence.

A

number of new cases identified in a specific time period

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19
Q

Define prevalence.

A

number of individuals who are living with the disorder in a given time period

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20
Q

List 4 stuttering-like disfluencies (SLD).

A
  1. monosyllabic WWR (like-like)
  2. SSR (l-l-l-like)
  3. ASP (llllllllike)
  4. Blocks [tense] cat
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21
Q

List 3 non-stuttering-like behaviors (NSLD).

A
  1. interjections (uh)
  2. phrase repetitions (my cat Winston… my cat Winston is the cutest cat)
  3. revisions (today is… it’s really cloudy today)
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22
Q

Define secondary behaviors and list 2 broad categories.

A

motor behaviors associated with stuttering - body movements, facial grimaces
1. escape
2. avoidance

23
Q

List escape behaviors.

A

hand and foot movements (tapping foot)
rapid eye blinking

24
Q

When do escape vs. avoidance behaviors occur?

A

Escape behaviors occur during the stutter, avoidance behaviors occur before the stutter

25
Q

List avoidance behaviors.

A

changing the word from a frequently stuttering sound or word
sending a text instead of calling

26
Q

What is the loci of stuttering?

A

the locations in a speech sequence where stuttering is typically observed

27
Q

For adults and school-age children, stuttering is more likely to occur on the following (4)

A
  1. consonants
  2. first factor (first sound or syllable of word, first word in phrase or sentence)
  3. longer and less frequently used words
  4. content words (nouns, verbs, adjectives)
28
Q

For preschool children, stuttering is more likely to occur on

A

function words (pronouns, conjunctions)

29
Q

Define adaptation effect

A

reduction in stuttering with repeated reading/exposure to the same material

30
Q

Define consistency effect

A

PWS tend to stutter on the same words when reading the same passage several times (developmental stutterers only)
- indicator of the strength or the stimuli that evoke stuttering

31
Q

Define adjacency effect.

A

occurrence of new stuttering on words that surround previously stuttered words

32
Q

Define audience size effect.

A

frequency of stuttering increases with an increase in audience size

33
Q

List the 5 theories of stuttering.

A
  1. environmental
  2. genetic
  3. interactive
  4. neurophysiological
  5. psychological
34
Q

Outline the assessment of Stuttering.

A
  1. case history
  2. measurement of types and frequency of dysfluencies in conversational speech and oral reading
  3. evaluation of the variability of dysfluencies
  4. assessment of negative emotions, avoidance reactions and associated motor behaviors
  5. measurement of speech and articulatory rate
  6. application of chosen diagnostic criterion
35
Q

what are the neurophysiological factors of stuttering?

A

gray and white matter differences
neural network connectivity differences
lateralization of hemisphere functions
more white matter connections
reduced blood flow

36
Q

what are the causes of stuttering?

A

genetic component
neurophysiological
environmental

37
Q

Define neurogenic stuttering.

A

form of fluency disorder associated with a variety of neurological diseases or disorders, including vascular disorders that cause strokes, TBI, and degenerative neurological disorders that may result in dementia

38
Q

Define cluttering.

A

a disorder of fluency characterized by rapid or irregular rate, atypical pauses, imprecise, jerky, and disorganized speech

39
Q

List characteristics of cluttering.

A

irregular rate of speech
excessive normal dysfluencies
excessive repetitions
decreased speech intelligibility
little to no awareness

40
Q

Cluttering may co-occur with the following:

A
  • stuttering
  • language, articulation, attention disorders
41
Q

What are the 3 stuttering types?

A
  1. childhood onset stuttering
  2. psychogenic stuttering
  3. neurogenic stuttering
42
Q

ETIOLOGY of stuttering.

A

unknown cause, multiple systems play role (genetic, environmental, abnormalities in phonation system)

43
Q

Stuttering treatment in young children

A

parent education
indirect strategies
direct strategies
overall communication

44
Q

Stuttering treatment in adults.

A
  1. Patient education
  2. Strategies including
    2a: Stuttering Modification
    2b: Speech Modification
  3. Overall communication
45
Q

What are the elevated risks for stuttering that a child can have? (5)

A
  1. family history of stuttering
  2. age of onset of stuttering after 3.5 years old
  3. stuttering for 6-12+ months
  4. male
  5. advanced, delayed, or disordered language
46
Q

typical disfluencies include:

A
  1. multisyllabic whole-word and phrase
    repetitions
  2. interjections
  3. revisions
47
Q

unlike children who stutter, children with typical disfluencies have no… (4)

A

no physical tension
no secondary behaviors
no negative reactions or frustration
no family history

48
Q

children who stutter have other behaviors including… (5)

A
  1. physical tension
  2. secondary behaviors
  3. negative reactions
  4. avoidance behaviors
  5. family history
49
Q

What happens during the Lidcombe Program?

A

home program in which parent reinforces fluency by praising each instance of fluent speech

50
Q

most valuable information during assessment of stuttering?

A

repetition units

51
Q

speech modification strategies

A

techniques aimed at making changes to the timing and tension of speech production
- easy onset
- light contacts
- rate control
- continuous phonation
- prolonged syllables

52
Q

stuttering modification strategies

A

van riper! - identification - desensitization - modification - generalization
identify core stuttering behaviors
recognize physical behaviors
locate point of physical tensions and struggle during disfluency
reduce physical tension

53
Q

3 examples of stuttering modification strategies

A
  1. preparatory set
  2. pull-out
  3. cancellation
54
Q

what are 5 strategies for reducing negative reactions (personal and environmental) associated with stuttering?

A
  1. awareness
  2. desensitization
  3. cognitive restructuring
  4. self-disclosure
  5. support

PRAXIS (12 decks)

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