Fluid

Question 1

What is albumin?

Answer 1

It pulls the fluid back in . Its located in the liver.

Question 2

Define osmotic pressure

Answer 2

its the pulling pressure; helps with filtration

Question 3

Define oncotic pressure

Answer 3

pulling pressure of plasma proteins; helps with reabsorption

Question 4

define hydrostatic pressure

Answer 4

pushing pressure against cell membranes

Question 5

What is osmosis?

Answer 5

the movement of water from area of low t high concentration

Question 6

What is extracellular?

Answer 6

The fluid outside of the cells

Question 7

What is the process of RAAS

Answer 7

the goal is to get from low to high blood pressure

Question 8

What is the process of Natriuretic peptides

Answer 8

the goal is to get from high to low blood pressure

Question 9

What is ADH (anti- diuretic hormone)

Answer 9

ADH is the water hormone, causes the kidneys to reabsorb water

Question 10

What is Aldosterone

Answer 10

it is the salt water hormone , causes the kidneys to reabsorb sodium & water

Question 11

What is the causes of edema

Answer 11

• increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
• decreased plasma oncotic pressure
• increased capillary permeability

Question 12

define diffusion

Answer 12

the movement of molecules going from high to low concentration

Question 13

What is hypertonic?

Answer 13

Hypertonic is when the cells shrink, they move inside to outside; higher concentration outside outside the cells

Question 14

What is isotonic

Answer 14

there is a balance of sodium and water exchange

Question 15

what is hypotonic

Answer 15

is when the cells burst/ swell, the water moves inside the cells bc of high sodium concentration . outside to inside

Question 16

Fluid imbalances: volume Excess (causes)

Answer 16

• excessive water or sodium intake
  (high sodium diet, free water/drinking too much water, psychogenic polydipsia -makes you thirsty, hypertonic fluid administration- too much sodium)
• inadequate sodium or water/ not enough or you’re not eliminating it
  (renal failure, heart failure, liver failure)
  hyperaldosterone

Question 17

CM of volume excess

Answer 17

• localized/generalized edema
• polyuria (excessive urination)
• rapid weight gain
• tachycardia
  -dyspnea (unable to breathe)
  -JVD (swollen julgara vein) deals with heat failure

Question 18

Fluid imbalances: volume deficit

Answer 18

• inadequate fluid intake
  (inadequate IV fluid replacement, inability to swallow)
• excessive fluid or sodium losses
  (GI losses- vomiting diarrhea)
  hemorrhage- excessive bleeding
  diabetes insipidus - happens when the body doesn’t make enough ADH/ kidneys don’t work properly
  diabetes mellitus - when you have glucose inside urine
  excessive diaphoresis

Question 19

CM of volume deficit

Answer 19

• tachycardia
• dry mucous membranes
• decrease skin turgor
• oliguria (low urination)
• weight loss
  -thirst

Question 20

major electrolytes: sodium/ Na
range, role, etiology, cms
hypernatremia
hyponatremia

Answer 20

range: 136- 145 mEq/L
Role: Regulates osmotic forces and water balances

Hyponatremia: less than 136
-sodium deficits cause plasma hypoosmolality
cm: lethargy, seizures, coma, decreased reflexes
etiology: inadequate intake of sodium/loss

hypernatremia: more than 145
- sodium overload causes plasma hyperosmolality
cm: thirst, weight loss, muscle twitching
etiology: loss of water/inadequate intake

Question 21

major electrolytes: potassium / K
range, role, etiology, cms
hypokalemia
hyperkalemia

Answer 21

range: 3.5- 5 mEq/L
role: major intracellular electrolyte/ 98% inside the cell

hypokalemia: less than 3.5
- transmission and conduction or nerve impulses
etiology: insulin overuse, increased entry of K+ into cell
cms: flat T wave, prominent U wave, EKG= prolonged PR interval , neuromuscular excitability decreases (longer popularization)

hyperkalemia: more than 5
etiology: insulin deficiency , k+ leaves the cells into blood
cms: tall, peaked, T waves on EKG, restlessness, tingling of lips and fingers

Question 22

major electrolytes: calcium Ca
range, role, etiology, cms
hypocalcemia
hypercalcemia

Answer 22

range: 9- 10.5 mg/dl
role: 99% of calcium is located in the teeth and bones/ regulated by Vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and calcitonin

hypocalcemia: less than 9
etiology: vitamin D deficiency, inadequate intestinal absorption
cms: spasms, cramps, tetany( overstimulated muscle contractions), chyostek sign

hypercalcemia: more than 10.5
etiology: vitamin D overdose, some cancers (tumors kill osteoblasts- build bones)
cms: bone pain, weakness, bradycardia , osteoporosis (reduce mass, makes bone weak)

Question 23

major electrolytes: Magnesium Mg
range, role, etiology, cms
hypophosphatemmia
hyperphosphatemia

Answer 23

range: 3- 4.5mg/dl
role: provides energy for muscle contraction, inverse of calcium

hyperphosphatemia: more than 4.5
etiology: acute or chronic renal failure, long-term use of laxatives, chemotherapy
cms: tetany, seizures, muscle cramps

hypophosphatemia: less than 3mg/dl
etiology: alcohol abuse, aluminum antacids
cms: muscle weakness, numbness, convulsions

Question 24

major electrolytes: Phosphorous (PO4-)

Answer 24

range: 1.3- 2.1 mEq/L
role: largely store in bone , most abundant intracellular cation, increases neuromuscular excitability

hypermagnesemia: more than 2.1
etiology: milk of magnesia abuse, renal disease
cms: bradycardia, respiratory distress, excess nerve function

hypomagnesemia: less than 1.3
etiology: malnutrition, alcohol abuse
cms: tachycardia, muscle cramps, hyperactive deep tendon reflexes

Question 25

define electrolyte

Answer 25

electrically charged anions and cations / account for 95% of solutes in body fluids

Question 26

ECG changes w/ potassium changes
- normokalmeia

Answer 26

normal PR interval , normal size t wave , u wave shallow if present

Question 27

ECG changes w/ potassium changes
-hypokalemia

Answer 27

slightly prolonged PR interval, ST depression, prominent u wave, shallow, slightly peaked p wave

Question 28

ECG changes w/ potassium changes
-hyperkalemia

Answer 28

decreed r wave , wide/flat, widened QRS, tall peaked wave, depressed ST segment