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IM 2 > Fluid balance and intravenous therapy - exam 2 > Flashcards

Fluid balance and intravenous therapy - exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

movement of fluid ( water) across cell membrane due to hydrostatic pressure

A

filtration

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2
Q

movement of solutes (substances) from higher to lower concentration

A

diffusion

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3
Q

movement of fluid (Water) from areas of more fluid to areas of less fluid

A

osmosis

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4
Q

solutes (particles) move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration resulting equal distribution

A

diffusion

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5
Q

in diffusion, solutes

A

move

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6
Q

fluid ( water) moves from areas with lower solute concentration to areas with higher concentration

A

osmosis

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7
Q

in osmosis fluid

A

moves

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8
Q

is generated by the
cardiovascular system as blood is pumped
through the body’s blood vessels

A

hydrostatic pressure

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9
Q

DS

A

diffusion/solutes

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10
Q

OF

A

osmosis/fluid

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11
Q

a type of biological or synthetic, polymeric membrane that will allow certain molecules or ions to pass through it by osmosis.

A

Semipermeable membrane

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12
Q

osmotic balance

A

control of water and electrolyte balance in the body

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13
Q

the active regulation of the osmotic pressure of bodily fluids to maintain the homeostasis of the body’s water content; that is it keeps the body’s fluids from becoming too dilute or too concentrated

A

Osmoregulation

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14
Q

exerted by pumping of heart

A

hydrostatic= pushing force - pushes fluid out of capillaries

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15
Q

is the ‘pulling force’ pulling fluids from the surrounding tissue into the capillaries.

A

Oncotic pressure

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16
Q

what do we associate hydrostatic pressure with?

A

think heart - pushing fluid out

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17
Q

what do we associate oncotic pressure with?

A

think albumin - pulling fluid in

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18
Q

condition where fluid accumulates in a pocket that is not serving a purpose

A

third spacing

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19
Q

this happens when fluid accumulates and does not serve a purpose

A

third spacing

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20
Q

occurs as a result of increased permeability of the capillary membrane or decreased plasma colloid osmotic pressure

A

third spacing

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21
Q

common causes of edema ?

A

long periods of standing or sitting
chronic lung diseases
CHF

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22
Q

albumin level in lab value will be low

A

starvation

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23
Q

if the heart is not pumping well, not enough pushing fluid through capillary so get a build up of hydrostatic pressure can lead to

A

edema

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24
Q

an accumulation of interstitial fluid within tissues

A

edema

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25
Q

severe, generalized edema marked by profound swelling of subcutaneous tissues and accumulation of fluid in body cavities

A

anasarca

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26
Q

sodium and potassium use ATP to move in and out of cells in a form of

A

active transport called the sodium potassium pump

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27
Q

ICF

A

fluid inside the cells

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28
Q

ECF

A

fluids outside of the cells

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29
Q

fluid found inside the cells

A

intracellular 2/3 of fluid

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30
Q

fluid outside the cells

A

extracellular 1/3 of fluid

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31
Q

fluids outside of the cell must be balanced with

A

intracellular fluid

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32
Q

to maintain balance or homeostasis inside the cell must

A

be balanced with ectracellular fluid

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33
Q

found in the vascular system that consists of arteries, veins and capillary networks

A

intravascular

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34
Q

is whole blood volume and also includes red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, and platelets

A

intravascular fluid

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35
Q

fluid between cells

A

interstitial

36
Q

cerebral spinal fluid, synovial fluid, peritoneal and pleural fluid

A

transcellular

37
Q

what small molecules move easily across the cell membrane

A

urea and water

38
Q

what substances have a harder time getting across the membrane

A

protein

39
Q

osmolality is measure by?

A

Kg

40
Q

used to assess body state of water balance?

A

osmolality

41
Q

water deficit

A

high osmolality

42
Q

water excess

A

low osmolality

43
Q

osmolarity is measure in

A

Liters

44
Q

normal osmolarity would be

A

270-300

45
Q

normal saline is

A

isotonic 0.9% NaCl

46
Q

why is saline isotonic ?

A

same concentration of sodium in the blood

47
Q

hypotonic causes the cells to

A

swell

48
Q

hypertonic does what to the cells?

A

makes cells skinny; fluid pulled from cell so cells shrink

49
Q

what are the three types of osmosis?

A
  • hypertonic
  • isotonic
  • hypotonic
50
Q

has the same solute concentration as another solution; no fluid shifts occur because the solutions are equally concentrated

A

isotonic

51
Q

less concentrated than other solutions; fluid pulled or moved from the bloodstream (veins) into the cells =swell

A

hypotonic

52
Q

more concentrated than other solutions; fluid pulled from the cell into the bloodstream = shrink

A

Hypertonic

53
Q

things that maintain balance

A
  • kidneys
  • ADH
  • RASS
    -ANP
  • Thirst
54
Q

regulate fluid and electrolyte balance by adjusting urine volume and the excretion of electrolytes

A

kidneys

55
Q

remove excess wastes from the body

A

kidneys

56
Q

7 functions of the kidneys

A

A- controlling ACID base balance
W- controlling WATER balance
E- maintaining ELECTROLYTE balance
T- removing TOXINS and waste products from the body
B- controlling BP
E- producing the hormone ERYTHROPIETIN
D- activating Vitamin D

57
Q

produced by hypothalamus and stored in the pituitary

A

anti diuretic hormone

58
Q

ADH restores blood volume by

A
  • reducing diuresis
  • increasing water retention
  • vasoconstricts
59
Q

what medication is the medication form of ADH

A

vasopressin- Desmopressin

60
Q

renin acts to produce ?

A

angiotensinogen

61
Q

angiotensin 1 produces?

A

converts to angiotensin 2

62
Q

vasoconstriction causes the BP to

A

increase

63
Q

A2 stimulates release of

A

Aldosterone

64
Q

Aldosterone increases

A

BP

65
Q

Water regulator

A

Aldosterone

66
Q

Causes kidney to retain Na+ and H20

A

Alderstone

67
Q

Causes kidney to retain Na+ and H20

A

Aldosterone

68
Q

what is released when Na+ is low and K+ is high

A

Aldosterone

69
Q

Stored in Kidneys

A

Aldosterone

70
Q

produced and stored in the atria

A

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

71
Q

stops reaction of RAAS

A

ANP

72
Q

decreases blood by vasodilation

A

ANP

73
Q

reduces fluid volume by increasing secretion of Na+ and water

A

ANP

74
Q

regulated by the hypothalamus

A

Thirst

75
Q

stimulated by increase ECF and drying of mucous membranes

A

Thirst

76
Q

causes a person to drink fluids

A

Thirst

77
Q

What Depletes Electrolytes ?

A
  • vomiting
  • peeing
    -pooping
    -sweating
78
Q

fluid deficit of isotonic fluid in extracellular space caused by abnormal ? (8)

A
  • fluid loss
  • fever
  • sweating
  • hemorrhaging
  • vomiting
  • diarrhea
  • Gi Suction
  • decrease fluid intake
79
Q

fluid deficit of isotonic fluid in extracellular space

A

hypovolemia

80
Q

fluid excess of isotonic fluid ( sodium & water ) in the extracellular space

A

Hypervolemia

81
Q

abnormal retention of sodium and water

A

hypervolemia

82
Q

-isotonic fluid overload
- excess sodium intake
- heart failure, renal failure, liver cirrhosis

A

hypervolemia

83
Q

danger signs for fluid deficit

A
  • restlessness, confusion
  • cold clammy skin
  • decreased tugor
  • weak, rapid HR
  • rapid respirations
  • decreased urine output
84
Q

danger signs of fluid excess

A
  • headache, confusion
  • peripheral edema
  • jugular vein distension
  • S3 heart sound
  • bounding pulse
  • dyspnea
  • weight gain
85
Q

How to treat hypovolemic shock

A
  1. fluid replacement ~ NS, LR, blood transfusion, vasopressor
  2. oxygen therapy
  3. monitor Vs and mental status
  4. monitor lung sounds
86
Q

decrease in BP

A

hypovolemia

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