Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance

Question 1

water that contains dissolved or suspended substances such as glucose, mineral salts, and proteins

Answer 1

fluid

Question 2

outside the cells

Answer 2

extracellular fluid

Question 3

inside the cells

Answer 3

intracellular fluid

Question 4

divisions of the ECF

Answer 4

intravascular fluid and interstitial fluid (major divisions) and transcellular fluid (minor division)

Question 5

liquid portion of the blood

Answer 5

intravascular fluid

Question 6

located between the cells and outside the blood vessels

Answer 6

interstitial fluid

Question 7

secreted by the epithelial cells

Answer 7

transcellular fluid

Question 8

compound that separates into ions when it dissolves in water

Answer 8

electrolytes

Question 9

measure of the number of particles per kilogram of water

Answer 9

osmolality

Question 10

fluid with the same concentration of non permeant particles as normal blood

Answer 10

isotonic

Question 11

solution is more dilute than the blood

Answer 11

hypotonic

Question 12

solution is more concentrated than normal blood

Answer 12

hypertonic

Question 13

requires energy in the form of ATP to move electrolytes across cell membranes against the concentration gradient

Answer 13

active transport

Question 14

passive movement of electrolytes or other particles down the concentration gradient

Answer 14

diffusion

Question 15

a process by which water moves through a membrane that separates fluids with different particle concentrations

Answer 15

osmosis

Question 16

movement across a membrane, under pressure, from higher to lower pressure

Answer 16

filtration

Question 17

the force of the fluid pressing outward against a surface

Answer 17

hydrostatic pressure

Question 18

an inward-pulling force caused by blood proteins that helps move fluid from the interstitial area back into capillaries

Answer 18

colloid osmotic pressure (oncotic pressure)

Question 19

three processes of fluid homeostasis

Answer 19

fluid intake and absorption, fluid distribution, and fluid output

Question 20

4 organs that fluid output occurs through

Answer 20

skin, lungs, GI tract, and kidneys

Question 21

regulates the osmolality of the body fluids by influencing how much water is excreted in urine

Answer 21

ADH

Question 22

disturbances of the amount of fluid in the extracellular compartment

Answer 22

volume imbalances

Question 23

disturbances of the concentration of body fluids

Answer 23

osmolality imbalances

Question 24

present when there is insufficient isotonic fluid in the extracellular compartment

Answer 24

ECV deficit (hypovolemia)

Question 25

occurs when there is too much isotonic fluid in the extracellular compartment

Answer 25

ECV excess

Question 26

water deficit, body fluids are too concentrated

Answer 26

hypernatremia

Question 27

water excess or water intoxication, body fluids are too diluted

Answer 27

hyponatremia

Question 28

decreased urine output

Answer 28

oliguria

Question 29

Na+

Answer 29

135-145 mEq/L

Question 30

Cl-

Answer 30

98-106 mEq/L

Question 31

K+

Answer 31

3.5-5.0 mEq/L

Question 32

Ca2+

Answer 32

8.4-10.5 mg/dl

Question 33

Mg2+

Answer 33

1.5-2.5++

Question 34

PO

Answer 34

2.7-3.5mg/dl

Question 35

specific gravity (urine)

Answer 35

1.003-1.030

Question 36

serum osmolality

Answer 36

275-295

Question 37

hematocrit

Answer 37

women 37-47% men 42-52%

Question 38

hemoglobin

Answer 38

women 12-16 men 14-18

Question 39

used to monitor a patient’s acid-base balance

Answer 39

arterial blood gases

Question 40

pairs of chemicals that work together to maintain normal pH of body fluids

Answer 40

buffers

Question 41

blood pH

Answer 41

7.35-7.45

Question 42

PaCO2

Answer 42

35-45 mm Hg

Question 43

HCO3-

Answer 43

22-26 mEq/L

Question 44

PaO2

Answer 44

80-100 mm Hg

Question 45

technique in which a vein is punctured through the skin by a sharp rigid stylet

Answer 45

venipuncture

Question 46

deliver an accurate hourly IV infusion rate

Answer 46

electronic infusion devices (EID)

Question 47

occurs when an IV catheter becomes dislodged or a vein ruptures and IV fluids inadvertently enter subcutaneous tissue around the venipuncture site

Answer 47

infiltration

Question 48

inflammation of a vein that results from chemical, mechanical, or bacterial causes

Answer 48

phlebitis

Question 49

an immune response to the transfused blood components

Answer 49

transfusion reaction

Question 50

collection and rein fusion of a patient’s own blood

Answer 50

autologous transfusion