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Oxygenation Flashcards

1
Q

three steps in the process of oxygenation

A

ventilation, perfusion, and diffusion

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2
Q

the process of moving gases into and out of the lungs

A

ventilation

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3
Q

major inspiratory muscle of respiration

A

diaphragm

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4
Q

relates to the ability of the cardiovascular system to pump oxygenated blood to the tissues and return deoxygenated blood to the lungs

A

perfusion

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5
Q

responsible for moving the respiratory gases from one area to another by concentration gradients

A

diffusion

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6
Q

effort required to expand and contract the lungs

A

work of breathing (WOB)

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7
Q

ease at which the lungs can be expanded

A

compliance

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8
Q

an active process stimulated by chemical receptors in the aorta

A

inspiration

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9
Q

a passive process that depends on the elastic recoil properties of the lungs, requiring little or no muscle work

A

expiration

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10
Q

a chemical produced in the lungs to maintain the surface tension of the alveoli and keep them from collapsing

A

surfactant

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11
Q

collapse of the alveoli that prevents normal exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

A

atelectasis

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12
Q

the amount of air exhaled after normal inspiration

A

tidal volume

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13
Q

the amount of air left in the alveoli after a full expiration

A

residual volume

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14
Q

maximum amount of air that can be removed from the lungs during forced expiration

A

forced vital capacity

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15
Q

what three things influence the capacity of the blood to carry oxygen?

A

the amount of dissolved oxygen in plasma, the amount of hemoglobin, and the tendency of hemoglobin to bind with oxygen

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16
Q

CNS controls the RR, depth, and rhythm, cerebral cortex regulates the voluntary control of respiration

A

neural regulation

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17
Q

maintains the rate and depth of respirations based on changes in blood concentrations of CO2 and O2, and in hydrogen ion concentration (ph), chemoreceptors sense changes in the chemical content and stimulate neural regulators to adjust

A

chemical regulation

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18
Q

volume of blood ejected from the ventricles during systole

A

stroke volume

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19
Q

Frank-Starling law of the heart

A

as the myocardium stretches, the strength of the subsequent contraction increases

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20
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

right side

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21
Q

systemic circulation

A

left side

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22
Q

atrioventricular valves

A

tricuspid and mitral

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23
Q

semilunar valves

A

aortic and pulmonic

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24
Q

the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle each minute

A

cardiac output

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25
the amount of blood in the left ventricle at the end of diastole
preload
26
the resistance to left ventricular ejection
afterload
27
the pacemaker of the heart
SA node
28
reflects the electrical activity of the conduction system
electrocardiogram (ECG)
29
represents the electrical conduction through both atria
p wave
30
indicates that the electrical impulse traveled through the ventricles
QRS complex
31
physiological factors affecting oxygenation
decreased oxygen-carrying capacity, hypovolemia, decreased inspired oxygen concentration, increased metabolic rate
32
extracellular fluid loss and reduced circulating blood volume
hypovolemia
33
conditions affecting chest wall movement
pregnancy, obesity, musculoskeletal abnormalities, trauma, neuromuscular diseases, CNS alterations
34
condition in which multiple rib fractures cause instability in part of the chest wall
flail chest
35
three primary alternations in respiratory functioning
hypoventilation, hyperventilation, and hypoxia
36
normal PaCO2
35 to 45 mm Hg
37
normal PaO2
80 to 100 mm Hg
38
occurs when alveolar ventilation is inadequate to meet the oxygen demand of the body or eliminate sufficient carbon dioxide
hypoventilation
39
state of ventilation in which the lungs remove carbon dioxide faster than it is produced by cellular metabolism
hyperventilation
40
inadequate tissue oxygenation at the cellular level
hypoxia
41
blue discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes
cyanosis
42
caused by electrical impulses that do not originate from the SA node (dysrhythmias)
disturbances in conduction
43
insufficient volume is ejected into the systemic and pulmonary circulation
altered cardiac output
44
acquired or congenital disorder of a cardiac valve by stenosis or regurgitation
impaired valvular function
45
coronary artery flow to the myocardium insufficient to meet myocardial oxygen demands
myocardial ischemia
46
hardening
stenosis
47
impaired closure
regurgitation
48
results when the supply of blood to the myocardium from the coronary arteries is insufficient to meet myocardial oxygen demands
myocardial ischemia
49
a transient imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand that results in chest pain
angina pectoris
50
results from sudden decreases in coronary blood flow or an increase in myocardial oxygen demand without adequate coronary perfusion
myocardial infarction
51
shortness of breath, clinical sign of hypoxia
dyspnea
52
abnormal condition in which a patient uses multiple pillows when reclining to breathe easier or sits learning forward with arms elevated
orthopnea
53
coughing up blood from the respiratory tract (alkaline pH)
hemoptysis
54
vomiting of blood indicating GI bleeding (acidic pH)
hematemesis
55
high-pitched musical sound caused by high-velocity movement of air through a narrowed airway
wheezing
56
increase in both rate and depth of respirations
Kussmaul respiration
57
absence of respirations for a period of time
apnea
58
occurs when there is decreased blood flow or injury to the brainstem, periods of apnea followed by periods of deep breathing and then shallow breathing followed by more apnea
Cheyne-Stokes respirations
59
the process of adding water to gas
humidification
60
adds moisture or medications to inspired air by mixing particles of varying sizes with the air
nebulization
61
patient takes a slow, deep breath and holds it for two seconds while contracting expiratory muscles, then performs a series of coughs throughout exhalation
cascade cough
62
stimulates a natural cough reflex and is generally effective only for clearing central airways, while exhaling, the patient opens the glottis by saying the word huff
huff cough
63
for patients without abdominal muscle control, while the patient breathes out with a maximal expiratory effort, the patient or nurse pushes inward and upward on the abdominal muscles toward the diaphragm, causing the cough
quad cough
64
group of therapies for mobilizing pulmonary secretion
chest physiotherapy (CPT)
65
consists of drainage, positioning, and turning, and is sometimes accompanied by chest percussion and vibration
postural drainage
66
encourages voluntary deep breathing by providing visual feedback to patients about inspiratory volume
incentive spirometry
67
used to prevent using invasive artificial airways in patients with acute respiratory failure, cariogenic pulmonary edema, or exacerbation of COPD
noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (nppv)
68
a catheter inserted through the thorax to remove air and fluids from the pleural space, to prevent air or fluid from reentering the pleural, or to reestablish normal intrapleural and intrapulmonic pressures
chest tube
69
collection of air in the pleural space
pneumothorax
70
accumulation of blood and fluid in the pleural cavity between the parietal and visceral pleura
hemothorax
71
helps patients achieve and maintain an optimal level of health through controlled physical exercise, nutrition counseling, relaxation and stress management techniques, and prescribed medications and oxygen
cardiopulmonary rehabilitation
72
involves deep inspiration and prolonged expiration through pursed lips to prevent alveolar collapse
pursed lip breathing
73
exercise that improves efficiency of breathing by decreasing air trapping and reducing the WOB, promotes relaxation and pain control
diaphragmatic breathing
74
signs of hypoxia
restlessness, anxiety, increased RR, shortness of breath, use of accessory muscles, increased HR and BP, decreased oxygen saturation, dysrhythmias, disorientation, decreased LOC

Foundations (11 decks)

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