Fluid Supply to the Nervous System

Question 1

What do Arterial Blood Vessels do?

Answer 1

Takes blood away from the heart

Question 2

What do Venous Blood Vessels do?

Answer 2

Takes blood back to the heart

Question 3

Where is blood reoxygenated at?

Answer 3

The lungs

Question 4

How does the sympathetic nervous system affect blood supply?

Answer 4

It dilates the bronchioles to bring in more oxygen to supply more blood

Question 5

What artery takes de-oxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs?

Answer 5

Pulmonary Artery

Question 6

What vein takes newly oxygenated blood back to the heart?

Answer 6

Pulmonary Vein

Question 7

What area does the external branch of the carotid artery feed into?

Answer 7

Most of the face and scalp; stays outside the cranium

Question 8

The brain depends on what artery?

Answer 8

Internal Carotid Artery

Question 9

What is bifurcation of the carotid?

Answer 9

A split into another branch

Question 10

Where does the common carotid bifurcate?

Answer 10

At the base of the head

Question 11

What does the bifurcation of the carotid artery do?

Answer 11

Forms the Internal and External Carotids

Question 12

What does the Vertebral Artery System do?

Answer 12

Feeds the spinal cord

Question 13

Where does the right and left vertebral artery merge?

Answer 13

Foramen Magnum

Question 14

What is the merging of the left and right vertebral artery called?

Answer 14

The Basilar Artery

Question 15

What does the Basilar Artery do?

Answer 15

Feeds most of the brainstem

Question 16

What is the Circle of Willis?

Answer 16

A collection of arteries int he brain that allows blood to be delivered through either internal carotid branch or vertebral branch to any portion of the cerebrum

Question 17

What are capillaries?

Answer 17

The smallest blood vessels

Question 18

What do capillaries do?

Answer 18

Delivers individual red blood cells to allow for diffusion of oxygen and glucose to blood cells and diffusion of CO2 and waste products from cells into blood

Question 19

What are gap junctions?

Answer 19

Connections between neighboring cells that allow transport of small molecules from cytoplasm of cell to cell

Question 20

What are connexons?

Answer 20

Complex of 6 protein units that form the physical bridge across gaps

Question 21

What are connexins?

Answer 21

The individual protein units

Question 22

What happens when there is a mutation of the Connexin 26 gene?

Answer 22

Causes congenital or progressive hearing loss in children
Takes away the recycling of K+ from cell to cell and the backlog of K+ builds up and kills hair cells

Question 23

Are people with a Connexin 26 gene mutation good CI candidates?

Answer 23

Yes

Question 24

What passes through easily in the blood-brain barrier?

Answer 24

Gases and water

Question 25

What does not pass easily through the blood-brain barrier?

Answer 25

Proteins and other large molecules, like pathogens

Question 26

Why does the blood-brain barrier exist?

Answer 26

The brain doesn't have an aggressive immune system response

Question 27

What forms the blood-brain barrier?

Answer 27

Tight junctions of astrocytes with/around blood vessels

Question 28

What are 3 types of vascular injuries in the brain?

Answer 28

1.) Occlusive Vascular Pathology 2.) Hemorrhage 3.) Arteriovenous Malformations

Question 29

What is anoxia?

Answer 29

Loss of blood supply to tissue

Question 30

What is the main issue with anoxia?

Answer 30

Tissue will die with prolonged anoxia; this has a direct effect on the size of the brain lesion and size of injured blood vessel

Question 31

What is atherosclerosis?

Answer 31

A gradual narrowing and hardening of blood vessels that reduces flow to the supplied tissues

Question 32

How does the heart respond to atherosclerosis?

Answer 32

It compensates by increasing cardiac output and increasing blood pressure; it can also be overcome with blood-thinning drugs

Question 33

What is the problem with blood-thinners?

Answer 33

It reduces the amount of platelets in the blood

Question 34

What is a thromboembolism?

Answer 34

The adherence of fatty material and blood platelets to a vessel wall

Question 35

What is an embolism?

Answer 35

The breaking off of the fatty material into the bloodstream

Question 36

What is a thrombosis?

Answer 36

A complete blockage of an artery

Question 37

What is a hemorrhage?

Answer 37

A rupture of the arterial wall and blood leaks from the artery, so capillaries and tissues do not receive their supply and die off

Question 38

What is an aneurysm?

Answer 38

A balloon-like dilatation of an artery that is often congenital

Question 39

What is the problem with an aneurysm?

Answer 39

It can pre-dispose the vessel to hemorrhage

Question 40

What are the four Ventricles of the brain?

Answer 40

1.) and 2.) Lateral Ventricles 3.) Third Ventricle 4.) Fourth Ventricle

Question 41

Where are the Lateral Ventricles?

Answer 41

Run anterior-posterior along the temporal lobe

Question 42

Where is the Third Ventricle?

Answer 42

Sits deep in the brain below the corpus callosum

Question 43

Where is the Fourth Ventricle?

Answer 43

Positioned near the brainstem and continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord

Question 44

What does the central canal do?

Answer 44

Supplies the spinal cord with CSF

Question 45

What are 3 things that cerebrospinal fluid does?

Answer 45

1.) Removes waste products from CNS 2.) Creates the fluid medium in which the brain and SC float 3.) Helps transport hormones

Question 46

What does the Choroid Plexus do?

Answer 46

It is a bed of capillaries and ependymal cells that filter blood to produce CSF

Question 47

Where is the Choroid Plexus found?

Answer 47

In all 4 ventricles

Question 48

Where is CSF found?

Answer 48

Surrounds the brain and SC in the subarachnoid space and flows from ventricles

Question 49

What are Ependyma?

Answer 49

Glial cells that line the ventricles

Question 50

What does Ependyma do?

Answer 50

Helps circulate CSF and secrete/absorb nutrients to/from CSF

Question 51

What are the 3 layers of protective coverings in the CNS?

Answer 51

1.) Dura Mater 2.) Arachnoid Mater 3.) Pia Mater

Question 52

Where is CSF absorbed?

Answer 52

Through arachnoid granulations