Movement

Question 1

What are the 3 tiers in the hierarchy of motor control?

Answer 1

1.) Strategy
2.) Tactics
3.) Execution

Question 2

What is Strategy?

Answer 2

What is the goal of the movement and how to achieve the goal?

Question 3

What parts of the brain are associated with the strategy of movement?

Answer 3

Association areas of the visual, somatosensory, and auditory cortices

Question 4

What are Tactics?

Answer 4

The sequence of muscle contractions needed to achieve the strategy

Question 5

What parts of the brain are associated with the tactics of movement?

Answer 5

Motor cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum

Question 6

What is Execution?

Answer 6

Activation of specific lower motor neurons to contract appropriate muscles

Question 7

What parts of the brain are associated with the execution of movements?

Answer 7

Brainstem and spinal cord

Question 8

What are upper motor neurons?

Answer 8

From motor cortex or brainstem

Question 9

What are lower motor neurons?

Answer 9

Motor neurons on spinal cord or connecting brainstem/SC to muscle effectors

Question 10

Where is the primary motor cortex located?

Answer 10

In the precentral gyrus

Question 11

Which of Brodmann’s areas houses the primary motor cortex?

Answer 11

Brodmann’s area 4

Question 12

What is the primary motor cortex responsible for?

Answer 12

Volitional control of motor systems; precise movements

Question 13

What happens when there is damage to upper motor neurons in the PMC?

Answer 13

Loss of movement on the contralateral sign; precise movements are lost first and hardest to regain

Question 14

What is contained in the prefrontal cortex?

Answer 14

Large numbers of afferent and efferent pathways

Question 15

What does the prefrontal cortex connect to?

Answer 15

1.) Other cortex areas
2.) Thalamus
3.) Hypothalamus
4.) Basal Ganglia

Question 16

What 3 things are the prefrontal cortex responsible for?

Answer 16

1.) Defines individual’s personality and cognition
2.) Area where much of the highest-order processing is believed to take place
3.) Inputs to motor cortex with decisions about what actions need to be taken

Question 17

Which of Brodmann’s areas houses the premotor cortex?

Answer 17

Brodmann’s area 6

Question 18

Where does the premotor cortex receive input from?

Answer 18

Prefrontal cortex

Question 19

What is the premotor cortex a major source of?

Answer 19

Corticospinal and corticobulbar tract neurons

Question 20

Which of Brodmann’s areas houses the Posterior parietal cortex?

Answer 20

Brodmann’s areas 5 and 7

Question 21

Where does Brodmann’s area 5 receive input from?

Answer 21

Primary somatosensory cortex

Question 22

Where does Brodmann’s area 7 receive input from?

Answer 22

Visual cortex

Question 23

What does the posterior parietal cortex do?

Answer 23

Connects to prefrontal cortex to assist with decisions about actions needing to be taken

Question 24

What are 5 structures of the basal ganglia?

Answer 24

1.) Caudate nucleus
2.) Putamen
3.) Globus Pallidus
4.) Subthalamic nuclei
5.) Substantia nigra

Question 25

What is the basal ganglia involved in?

Answer 25

Heavily involved in motor planning

Question 26

What causes Parkinson's Disease?

Answer 26

Degeneration of the substantia nigra

Question 27

What is Parkinson's disease characterized by?

Answer 27

Loss of dopamine release to the corpus striatum

Question 28

What are symptoms of Parkinson's disease?

Answer 28

Muscle tremors, rigidity, initiating movements, postural distrubances

Question 29

What is paresis?

Answer 29

Muscle weakness and minor paralysis

Question 30

What are tremors?

Answer 30

Uncontrollable movements

Question 31

Why does paresis and tremors occur together in Parkinson's?

Answer 31

Dopamine can be excitatory or inhibitory

Question 32

What does loss of excitatory action on D1 cause?

Answer 32

Paresis

Question 33

What does loss of inhibitory action on D2 cause?

Answer 33

Tremors

Question 34

What is rigidity?

Answer 34

1.) A product of lack of excitation and inhibition 2.) Product of inability to contract to the main muscle 3.) Inability to inhibit the antagonist muscles

Question 35

What kind of disorder is Huntington's disease?

Answer 35

Autosomal dominant hereditary disorder

Question 36

What does Huntington's Disease affect?

Answer 36

The caudate and lentiform nuclei and parts of the parietal lobe of the cortex

Question 37

When does Huntington's Disease set on?

Answer 37

Around 30-40 years old

Question 38

What does Huntington's Disease do?

Answer 38

Creates cognitive deficits, dysarthric speech, and chorea movements

Question 39

What is chorea?

Answer 39

Slow involuntary movements of the face and distal limbs

Question 40

What does the descending motor pathways to the spinal cord do?

Answer 40

Connect the upper motor neurons to the lower

Question 41

What are the 2 components of the descending motor pathways to the spinal cord?

Answer 41

1.) Lateral pathways 2.) Ventromedial pathways

Question 42

What are lateral pathways?

Answer 42

Voluntary movement of the distal muscles

Question 43

Where do lateral pathways originate?

Answer 43

In the cortex

Question 44

What are ventromedial pathways?

Answer 44

Heavily involved in postural control and reflexive movements

Question 45

Where do ventromedial pathways originate?

Answer 45

In the brainstem

Question 46

How much of the total descending efferent motor fibers are contained in the corticospinal tract?

Answer 46

Only 30%

Question 47

What is contained in the pathway of the corticospinal tract?

Answer 47

1.) Internal capsule between thalamus and midbrain 2.) Cerebellar peduncles 3.) Decussation of the pyramid

Question 48

What is contained in the corticobulbar tract?

Answer 48

Efferent pathway from motor cortex to cranial nerves

Question 49

Where does the corticobulbar tract emerge from?

Answer 49

The lower 1/3 of the motor cortex

Question 50

What percentage of descending efferent fibers are in the corticobulbar tract?

Answer 50

70%

Question 51

How does the efferent innervation of the corticobulbar tract speak to the complexity of speech production?

Answer 51

The more complicated and precise the movement is, the more innervation that it will require

Question 52

What is the most complex volitional movement?

Answer 52

Speech

Question 53

Where do ventromedial pathways originate?

Answer 53

In the brainstem

Question 54

What do ventromedial pathways do?

Answer 54

Use sensory input to make the muscle tone/contraction changes needed to maintain posture and balance

Question 55

What are the 4 ventromedial pathways?

Answer 55

1.) Vestibulospinal 2.) Tectospinal 3.) Pontine Reticulospinal 4.) Medullary Reticulospinal

Question 56

What do the vestibulospinal and tectospinal pathways do?

Answer 56

Use inputs from vestibular system and visual system to adjust the position of the head

Question 57

What does the pontine reticulospinal tract do?

Answer 57

Engages anti-gravity reflexes of the spinal cord

Question 58

What does the medullary reticulospinal tract do?

Answer 58

Releases anti-gravity reflexes

Question 59

Where do the reticulospinal tracts come from?

Answer 59

Arise from the reticular formation within the pons and medulla

Question 60

What is the hub for afferent info going from the PNS to the CNS?

Answer 60

The cerebellum

Question 61

What is the role of the cerebellum for movement?

Answer 61

A significant role in motor feedback

Question 62

What is multiple sclerosis?

Answer 62

De-myelinating diseaseof the CNS and PNS; believed to be an auto-immune reaction

Question 63

Who does MS affect?

Answer 63

Young-middle age adults, 20-40

Question 64

How does MS occur?

Answer 64

Occurs in bouta followed by periods of remission

Question 65

What are 4 speech and hearing problems caused by MS?

Answer 65

1.) Dysarthric speech 2.) Dysphagia 3.) Balance problems 4.) Hearing loss

Question 66

How does MS look different in an ABR compared to a nerve tumor?

Answer 66

ABR in MS is disordered bilaterally instead of unilaterally with a nerve tumor

Question 67

What is ALS?

Answer 67

Progressive atrophy of the upper and lower motor neurons

Question 68

What does ALS affect?

Answer 68

1.) Selectively affects the motor neurons 2.) Deterioration progresses from volitional movements to reflexive movements

Question 69

What are 2 speech problems caused by ALS?

Answer 69

1.) Voice/speech loss 2.) Dysphagia

Question 70

How are SLPs involved with ALS?

Answer 70

AAC SLPs heavily involved in communication in late-stage ALS