Memory

Question 1

What is learning?

Answer 1

Acquisition of new knowledge of skills

Question 2

What is memory?

Answer 2

The retention of learned information

Question 3

What are the 2 types of memory?

Answer 3

1.) Declarative
2.) Non-declarative

Question 4

What is declarative memory?

Answer 4

Memory of facts and events

Question 5

What is non-declarative memory?

Answer 5

Non-facts that are often subconscious (think muscle memory)

Question 6

What is another name for non-declarative memory?

Answer 6

Implicit memory

Question 7

What are 3 subcategories of non-declarative/implicit memory?

Answer 7

1.) Procedural; how to do things/habits
2.) Classical conditioning
3.) Emotional responses (often mix with innate instincts)

Question 8

What are the 2 ways that Procedural Memory is built?

Answer 8

1.) Non-associative learning
2.) Associative learning

Question 9

What is non-associative learning?

Answer 9

Change in response over time to the same stimulus

Question 10

What are the 2 types of non-associative learning?

Answer 10

1.) Habituation
2.) Sensitization

Question 11

What is habituation?

Answer 11

Learning to ignore a stimulus that has no meaning to you

Question 12

What is sensitization?

Answer 12

Repeated intensification of response to a stimulus that previously had less/no meaning

Question 13

What are 2 types of associative learning?

Answer 13

1.) Classical conditioning
2.) Instrumental conditioning

Question 14

What is associative learning?

Answer 14

The formation of associations between two events

Question 15

What is classical conditioning?

Answer 15

Pairing a stimulus that evokes a response to a second stimulus that normally does not evoke that response

Question 16

What is instrumental conditioning?

Answer 16

Pairing a response to a meaningful stimulus (punishment or reward)

Question 17

What is another name for declarative memory?

Answer 17

Explicit memory

Question 18

What are 2 types of declarative memory?

Answer 18

1.) Episodic
2.) Semantic

Question 19

What is episodic memory?

Answer 19

Memory of autobiographical life experiences

Question 20

What is semantic memory?

Answer 20

Fact recall

Question 21

What is long-term memory?

Answer 21

Can be recalled days, weeks, months, years later

Question 22

What is short-term memory?

Answer 22

Held for minutes or hours; vulnerable to disruption

Question 23

What is memory consolidation?

Answer 23

Converting a subset of ST memories into LT memories

Question 24

What is working memory?

Answer 24

Very short duration; only lasts for seconds

Question 25

How do you store information from working memory?

Answer 25

Rehearsal or repetition

Question 26

What part of the brain is believed to be involved in working memory?

Answer 26

Pre-frontal cortex; humans/animals with lesions here perform more poorly on working memory tasks

Question 27

What is a test used to check someone's working memory?

Answer 27

Wisconsin card sorting test

Question 28

What is amnesia?

Answer 28

Loss of memory or ability to learn

Question 29

What is disassociated amnesia?

Answer 29

Amnesia without any other symptoms/pathologies

Question 30

What are the 2 types of amnesia?

Answer 30

1.) Retrograde 2.) Anterograde

Question 30

What is retrograde amnesia?

Answer 30

Loss of declarative memories from prior to the amnesia-inducing event

Question 31

What is characteristic of the most common form of retrograde amnesia?

Answer 31

Loss of recent memories and retention of oldest memories

Question 32

What is anterograde amnesia?

Answer 32

Loss of ability to form new declarative memories following amnesia-inducing event

Question 33

What is characteristic of the most common form of anterograde amnesia?

Answer 33

Harder/slower to learn with more reps needed to create memories

Question 34

What is transient global amnesia?

Answer 34

Anterograde amnesia that lasts for a period of hours or days Combined with retrograde amnesia for recent events prior to the amnesia-inducing injury

Question 35

What can cause transient global amnesia?

Answer 35

1.) Drugs 2.) Cerebral ischemia 3.) Concussive head injuries

Question 36

What were 4 results of H.M.'s amnesia?

Answer 36

1.) Limited ability to learn new famous faces 2.) Some retrograde amnesia for more recent events 3.) Able to form new procedural memories 4.) Profound anterograde amnesia

Question 37

What are the 3 major roles of the hippocampus?

Answer 37

1.) Binding sensory inputs together for memory consolidation 2.) Spatial memory for location of important things 3.) Storage of short-term memories for an undetermined time period

Question 38

What were the results of the monkey models of MTL amnesia?

Answer 38

1.) Showed normal working memory 2.) Impaired memory consolidation/anterograde

Question 39

What is synaptic consolidation?

Answer 39

Sensory areas in the cortex input to the hippocampus

Question 40

What are the names for the 2 phases of the memory consolidation model?

Answer 40

1.) Sensory consolidation 2.) Systems consolidation

Question 41

What is systems consolidation?

Answer 41

Memory moves from hippocampus back to variety of areas in the cortex

Question 42

What are the 3 components of the multiple trace model of consolidation?

Answer 42

1.) Hippocampus is required to access LT memories 2.) Each time this happens, synaptic connections get stronger 3.) Makes older and more frequently accessed memories harder to lose with partial hippo damage

Question 43

What structure is involved with procedural memory?

Answer 43

Corpus striatum of the basal ganglia

Question 44

What are 2 components of Parkinson's disease?

Answer 44

1.) Degeneration of substantia nigra 2.) Loss of dopamine release to the corpus striatum

Question 45

What are signs of Parkinson's disease?

Answer 45

Muscle tremors, rigidity, initiating movements, postural disturbances

Question 46

What are 2 components of Huntington's disease?

Answer 46

1.) Autosomal dominant hereditary disorder 2.) Affects the caudate and lentiform nuclei and parts of the parietal lobe of the cortex

Question 47

What age does Huntington's disease set on?

Answer 47

Around 30-40

Question 48

What are signs of Huntington's disease?

Answer 48

Cognitive deficits, dysarthric speech, chorea movements

Question 49

What are 4 similarities of Huntington's and Parkinson's disease?

Answer 49

1.) Both attach the BG 2.) Main symptoms are motor dysfunction 3.) Also have cognitive and learning components 4.) Major learning effects are in procedural memory more than declarative

Question 50

Do patients with amnesia struggle more with declarative memory tasks or procedural tasks?

Answer 50

Declarative tasks