The Cerebrum

Question 1

What are the 5 Limbic structures?

Answer 1

1.) Hippocampus
2.) Amygdala
3.) Mammilary Bodies
4.) Anterior Thalamic Nucleus
5.) Subcallosal, Cingulate, Parahippocampal Gyri

Question 2

Main role of the Hippocampus

Answer 2

Involved in memory

Question 3

Why is fear the best emotion to study?

Answer 3

It is the least easy emotion to disguise

Question 4

Main role of the Amygdala

Answer 4

Key center for control of the fear of emotion

Question 5

What are the 4 structures of the Basal Ganglia?

Answer 5

1.) Caudate nucleus
2.) Lentiform nucleus
3.) Claustrum
4.) Amygdala

Question 6

What structures are related to the basal ganglia, but not truly part of the BG?

Answer 6

1.) Subthalamic nuclei
2.) Substantia nigra
3.) Red nucleus

Question 7

What is the Corpus Striatum?

Answer 7

The Caudate and Lentiform Nuclei

Question 8

What are the 2 portions of the Lentiform nucleus?

Answer 8

1.) Putamen
2.) Globus Pallidus

Question 10

How are the caudate and lentiform nuclei separated?

Answer 10

By the fibers of the internal capsule

Question 11

The putamen is the more _______ portion of the lentiform nucleus

Answer 11

lateral

Question 12

The globus pallidus is the more _____ portion of the nucleus

Answer 12

medial

Question 13

What is the role of the substantia nigra?

Answer 13

Involved in muscle tone

Question 14

Why muscle tone important?

Answer 14

It is the baseline level of muscle contraction; it is important in maintaining posture and it is going to have manifestations in their ability to make and control movements

Question 15

A lack of muscle tone is an indication of what?

Answer 15

A nervous system disorder

Question 16

What disease is associated with a degeneration of substantia nigra?

Answer 16

Parkinson’s disease

Question 17

What does substantia nigra translate to?

Answer 17

Black substance

Question 18

What is the basal ganglia involved in?

Answer 18

Motor planning

Question 19

What is motor planning?

Answer 19

Making and inhibiting movements

Question 20

What is the role of the Thalamus?

Answer 20

Relay and integration center for the cortex, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, and brainstem

Question 21

Why is the thalamus important to audiology?

Answer 21

It is the first location where we combine/integrate auditory input and sensory input (seeing and hearing)

Question 22

What is the role of the anterior section of the thalamus?

Answer 22

Related to limbic system and contributes to emotional tone

Question 23

What is emotional tone?

Answer 23

How we drive and express our emotions (someone is happy and expresses they are happy)

Question 24

What is the role of the medial section of the thalamus?

Answer 24

Integration of various sensory inputs; ties sensory input to emotion

Question 25

What is the role of the lateral section of the thalamus?

Answer 25

Outputs to and influences sensory and motor cortex

Question 26

Where does the thalamus output to?

Answer 26

Courses through the Caudate and Putamen of the Basal Ganglia to reach the cortex

Question 27

What are the 4 functions of the thalamus?

Answer 27

1.) Sensory integration 2.) Sensory perception 3.) Part of the circuit between BG, cerebellum, and cortex 4.) Connections with reticular formation

Question 28

What is neural arborization?

Answer 28

As you ascend any tract in the brain, the number of neurons expands The lower the tract, the more redundancy in the system; the higher the tract, the less redundancy

Question 29

What is the goal of the insular cortex?

Answer 29

To maximize the amount of cortical tissue to maximize the amount of cortex we can fit into the brainspace

Question 30

Sulci

Answer 30

In-folding of the tissue; forms the grooves/canals of the cortex surface

Question 31

Gyru

Answer 31

Out-folding of the tissue

Question 32

What are the 4 lobes of the brain?

Answer 32

Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

Question 33

What are Brodmann's areas?

Answer 33

Areas of discrete populations of neurons; they have anatomical designations but are not functional designations

Question 34

What is the Corpus Callosum?

Answer 34

Large fiber tract that connects the two hemispheres of the brain

Question 35

How many fibers are in the Corpus Callosum?

Answer 35

200-350 million fibers

Question 36

What is the Splenium of the CC?

Answer 36

Primarily visual fibers of the occipital cortex and some auditory fibers as well; most posterior portion

Question 37

What is the Sulcus of the CC?

Answer 37

Site where most of the auditory fibers cross; primary and secondary auditory cortex, anterior to the splenium

Question 38

What is the Trunk of the CC?

Answer 38

Site where the somatosensory and motor fibers of the parietal cortex cross

Question 39

What is the Genu of the CC?

Answer 39

Site where the fibers of the frontal cortex cross; motor information and high-level information criss-cross back and forth; most anterior section

Question 40

What is the Rostrum of the CC?

Answer 40

Site where olfactory fibers cross

Question 41

What is dichotic listening?

Answer 41

Different signals are presented simultaneously to the two ears

Question 42

Why is the the left hemisphere preferentially activated in dichotic listening tasks?

Answer 42

Left hemisphere is the crucial site for speech processing in most listeners

Question 43

What is the right ear advantage?

Answer 43

Speech perception ability is better for sounds going into the right ear

Question 44

Why does the right ear advantage work?

Answer 44

Contralateral crossover of the auditory nervous system

Question 45

What is the transcallosal pathway?

Answer 45

Connects auditory cortex and association cortex areas between the two hemispheres

Question 46

What could the right ear advantage be due to anatomically?

Answer 46

Deterioration of the transcollosal pathway