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VTS ECC Study Cards 2025 > Fluids/Acid Base > Flashcards

Fluids/Acid Base Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

Cations

A

Positively charged ions
Sodium (Na+) <– extracellular
Potassium (K+) <– intracellular
Magnesium (Mg2+) <– intracellular
Calcium (Ca2+) <– extracellular

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2
Q

Anions

A

Chloride (Cl-) <– extracellular
Bicarb (HCO3-) <– extracellular

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3
Q

Magnesium

A

muscle function
ATP production

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4
Q

Potassium

A

cellular function
cardiac muscle function extracellularly

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5
Q

Calcium

A

Nerve, muscle and cardiac function
Blood clotting and skeletal bone function

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6
Q

Osmosis

A

Process by which water passes through a semi-permeable membrane from lower to higher concentration

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7
Q

Tonicity

A

ability of extracellular solution to make water move into or out of cells by osmosis and is related to osmolarity

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8
Q

Hypotonic solutions

A

Tonicity less than plasma and cause water to move into the cells

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9
Q

Hypertonic solutions

A

Tonicity greater than plasma and fluid moves out of cells

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10
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A

pressure that would have to be applied to water to prevent it from passing into a given solution by osmosis

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11
Q

Glycocalyx

A

lines luminal surface of vascular endothelial cells as a fuzz-like coat

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12
Q

Signs of hypovolemia

A

Tachycardia, hypotension, decreased CRT & MM, weak or absent pulses, cool extremities, decreased mentation, decreased urine output, decreased CVP

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13
Q

Intravascular space deficits

A

Vomiting, diarrhea, severe burns, third spacing, internal or external blood loss

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14
Q

Interstitial space deficits

A

Vomiting, diarrhea, polyuria, adipsia, skin lesions, third spacing.
Body shifts from interstitial to intravascular creating interstitial space deficits

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15
Q

<3% dehydrated

A

Normal

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16
Q

3-5% dehydrated

A

Mild - no signs. Assumed based on history

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17
Q

6-8% dehydrated

A

Moderate
Mucous membranes tacky
Slightly prolonged CRT

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18
Q

8-10% dehydrated

A

Severe
Increased skin turgor
Dry MM
Prolonged CRT
Signs of hypovolemia

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19
Q

11-15% dehydrated

A

Life threatening
All the signs,
hypovolemic shock leading to death

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20
Q

PCV/TS

A

Both elevated in significant dehydration

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21
Q

Puppies and kittens maint fluids

A

Increased metabolic rate and small size
90mL/kg/day

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22
Q

Sensible losses

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A

Those that can be measured
(vomiting, diarrhea, polyuria, etc)

23
Q

Insensible losses

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A

Those that cannot be measured
(respiratory losses, sweating, panting, water in feces, etc)

24
Q

Fluid overload signs

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A

Tachypnea, clear nasal discharge, chemosis, excessive weight gain, harsh lung sounds, pulmonary edema, peripheral edema

25
ROSE concept of fluid therapy
R - resuscitation - minutes after severe body injury (salvage or rescue therapy) O - optimization - within hours after critical illness (phase of ischemia and reperfusion) S - stabilization - evolves over days - fluid therapy for maintenance and replacement E - evacuation - de-escalation - fluid overload
26
Crystalloids
LRS NSR NSM Plyte 0.9% NaCl 0.45% NaCl 5% dextrose in water 2.5% dextrose 3% NaCl 7% Nacl 23% NaCl
27
0.9% NaCl
154mEq/L of each + free water Not maintenance Metabolic alkalosis --> high GI obstructions (pyloric outflow), hyponatremia, hypochloremia, hypercalcemia Also hypernatremia to closely match the Na and bring down slowly.
28
LRS
Replacement Buffered with lactate Isotonic 130mEq/L Na 109mEq/L Cl 4mEq/L K 3mEq/L Ca 28mEq/L Lactate Avoid with blood products - calcium can cause clotting
29
NSR
Isotonic Replacement Buffered with acetate 140mEq/L Na 98mEq/L Cl 5mEq/L K 3mEq/L Mg 27mEq/L acetate
30
Plyte 56 NSM
Replacement fluids 40mEq/L Na 40mEq/L Cl 13mEq/L K 3mEq/L Mg 16mEq.L acetate
31
Hypertonic Saline
3, 7, 23% solutions Pulls water from interstitial and intracellular space to increase circulating volume = increased venous return and CO ICP reduction in TBI
32
Dextrose solutions
D5W and 2.5% in 0.45% NaCl hypotonic Hypernatremia Fluid overload Free water shifts fluid back into the interstitial and intracellular spaces
33
Colloids
Large molecules remain in intravascular space longer
34
Dextrans
Used to increase intravascular space volume More anaphylactic reactions than others
35
Gelatins
Correct intravascular space volume Excreted by kidney
36
Colloid Oncotic pressure
How much force is applied from inside the vessel to the outside to balance the vessel
37
Hydrostatic Pressure
38
PLE vs PLN
PLE - GI tract seeping out of GI tract PLN - not functioning well so not absorbing it well Liver produces albumin
39
Hypernatremia
Water loss Salt ingestion Diabetes Insipidus High NA = High Osmolality Correct 0.5mEq/hr chronic 1mEq/hr - acute
40
Hyponatremia
Overproduction of ADH
41
Phosphorus
Absorbed in small intestines and excreted in kidneys Absorbed in proximal tubule Cell membrane building blocks Breaks down Opposite of calcium - bodies way of not turning everything to bone
42
Hypophosphatemia
DM - insulin therapy pushed phosphorus intracellularly Decreased dietary intake RBC lysis, mentation, weakness, heart failure
43
Magnesium
Intracellular #2 lyte
44
Hypermagnesemia
Overdose Treat with loop diuretics
45
Hypomagnesemia
Kidney disease - increased excretion ICF shift from vascular to cellular Twitching, arrythmias (torsades de pointes)
46
Calcium gluconate treatment
Raises action potential - tampers down negative effects of heart chaotic
47
Endogenous insulin secretion
Give more dextrose to trigger insulin production from pancreas
48
Bicarbonate
Given if super acidotic, last line treatment if not responding to any therapy
49
Refeeding syndrome
K drops due to
50
What part of nephron is K absorbed
Proximal tubule Loop of Henle
51
CS of hypokalemia
Ventroflexion, bradycardia, decreased ventilation
52
Mixed disorders
Can be respiratory and metabolic More - = metabolic acidosis More + = metabolic alkalosis
53

VTS ECC Study Cards 2025 (15 decks)

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