Endocrine & Metabolic

Question 1

Neurotransmitters

Answer 1

Released by axon terminals of neurons into synaptic clefts and act locally to control nerve cell function

Question 2

Endocrine hormones

Answer 2

released by glands into the circulating blood and influence the function of target locations at distance locations

Question 3

Neuroendocrine hormones

Answer 3

Secreated by neurons into circulation and influence the function of target locations at distant sites within the body

Question 4

Panacrine substances

Answer 4

Into ECF and affect neighboring target cells of a different type

Question 5

Autocrine substances

Answer 5

Into ECF and affect the function of same cells that produce them

Question 6

Cytokines

Answer 6

proteins secreted by cells into ECF that generally affect immune system
Chemokines, interferons, interleukins, lymphokines, tumor necrosis factor

Question 7

Three classes of hormones

Answer 7

Proteins & polypeptides (insulin and glucagon)
Steroids (cortisol, aldosterone, testosterone)
Tyrosine amino acid derivatives (thyroxine, epi, norepi)

Question 8

Major hypothalamic hormones

Answer 8

Thyrotropin releasing hormone (THR)
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GRH)
Corticotripin releasing hormone (CRG)
Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
Growth hormone inhibitory hormone (somatostatin)
Prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH)

Question 9

Anterior pituitary gland

Answer 9

Adenhypophysis
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotrpic hormone (ACTH)
Growth hormone (GH)
Prolactin
Luteinizing hormone (LG)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Question 10

Posterior pituitary gland

Answer 10

Neurohypophysis
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin

Question 11

Diabetic diets

Answer 11

High in complex carbs (fiber)
Cats with non insulin dependent = high protein diets

Question 12

Insulin types

Answer 12

(Porcine, human, canine)
(Bovine, feline)

Question 13

Regular insulin

Answer 13

short acting
Works within 30mins
Peaks at 2-4 hours
Last 6 hours
CRI

Question 14

Vetsulin

Answer 14

Porcine zinc - both dogs and cats
Intermediate acting
Dogs - 2 peaks = 1st 2-6 hours, 2nd 8-14 hours.
Cats - 1.5-8 hours lasting 12 hours

Question 15

NPH

Answer 15

Intermediate
Protamine - protein that slows insulin absorption
Peaks 4-6 hours
Lasts 14-20 hours

Question 16

PZI

Answer 16

long acting
cats
Peaks 16-18 hours
Lasts up to 36 hours

Question 17

Glargine/Lantus

Answer 17

Microprecipitates at injection site that lasts 24 hours
Minimal peak but steady effect of 18-26 hours

Question 18

Glycemic control

Answer 18

100-300 = cats
100-250 = dogs

Question 19

4 types of cells in the endocrine pancreas

Answer 19

Alpha cells - secrete glucagon
Beta cells - secrete insulin
Delta cells - secrete somatostatin
F cells - secrete pancreatic polypeptides

Question 20

Which cells have the dysfunction in DM?

Answer 20

Beta cells

Question 21

Progression to DKA

Answer 21

Insulin deficiency (diabetogenic hormone excess, fasting, dehydration –> increase in ketogenesis and gluconeogenesis)
Insulin deficiency promotes glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis proteolysis and ketone production
Liver makes more glucose - cells unable to use due to lack of insulin
Fatty acids released from adipose tissue –> converted to acetyl CoA –> beta hydroxybutyrate –> aceoacetate and acetone
Ketogenesis is enhanced by diabetiogenic hormone excess which overwhelms the body’s buffering system = increased H ions, decrease in HCO3

Question 22

What are the three types of ketones produced by the body?

Answer 22

Beta-hydroxybutyrate
Acetoacetate
Aceone

Question 23

k max

Answer 23

0.5meq/kg/hr

Question 24

Somogyi Phenomenon

Answer 24

Episodes of hypoglycemia followed by rebound hyperglycemia

Question 25

What do urine strips not detect?

Answer 25

beta-hydroxybutyrate

Question 26

Neuroglycopenia

Answer 26

shortage of glucose in the brain which affects the function of the neurons and altering brain function and behavior

Question 27

Insulinomas

Answer 27

pancreatic beta cell tumors - secrete insulin without regulation APUDoma type

Question 28

HHS

Answer 28

Hyperglycemia >600 Hyperosmolar >350 Dehydration without the presence of ketoacidosis

Question 29

Hypoadrenocorticism

Answer 29

Inadequate secretion of glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids by the adrenal cortex

Question 30

Atypical hypoadrenocortisim

Answer 30

Inadequate secretion of glucocorticoids only

Question 31

What is the primary mineralcorticoid deficiency in addisons?

Answer 31

Aldosterone Promotes renal resorption of Na, H2O, excretion of K and hydrogen ions

Question 32

Primary glucocorticoid deficiency in addisons?

Answer 32

Cortisol and corticosterone

Question 33

Calcium Gluconate heart protection

Answer 33

Raises threshold potential --> protects myocardium

Question 34

Phenochromocytoma

Answer 34

Neuroendocrine tumors that form from chromaffin cells on adrenal medulla

Question 35

Critical illness related corticosteroid insufficiency

Answer 35

Normal --> hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis is stimulated to release ACTH = release of corticosteroid hormones. = ability to handle stress CIRCI = failure of the adrenal glands to secrete adequate cortisol