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fluids and electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

What is the normal range for sodium?

A

135-145 mEq/L

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2
Q

What is the normal range for potassium?

A

3.5-5

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3
Q

What is the function of sodium?

A

To regulate fluid volume and maintain blood volume

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4
Q

What are the sources of sodium?

A

salt, canned food

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5
Q

Where is sodium primarily reabsorbed and excreted?

A

kidneys

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6
Q

What are the electrolytes?

A

Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Chloride, Phosphorus, Bicarbonate

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7
Q

What is the normal range of Potassium?

A

3.5-5 mEq/L (3-5 bananas in a bunch, usually half ripe)

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8
Q

What is the medical term for Potassium that is low or high?

A

Hypokalemia and Hyperkalemia

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9
Q

What does Potassium do for the body?

A

Regulates conduction of the cardiac rhythm, transmits electrical impulses in multiple systems, assists with acid base balance

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10
Q

Where are the common sites of potassium loss?

A

GI tract and excreted by kidneys

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11
Q

What are the sources of potassium?

A
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12
Q

What are low and high sodium called?

A

Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia

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13
Q

What is ECF?

A

Extracellular fluid

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14
Q

What is ICF?

A

Intracellular fluid

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15
Q

What is the normal level of calcium?

A

8.5-10.5 mEq/L

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16
Q

What is the inverse of calcium?

A

Phosphorus

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17
Q

How does calcium work in the body?

A

Essential to bone health, promotes the transmission of nerve impulses, regulates muscle contractions

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18
Q

What regulates calcium?

A

Parathyroid and thyroid (PTH and Calcitonin)

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19
Q

What is the most abundant electrolyte in the body?

A

Calcium– 99% is found in the bones

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20
Q

What are the sources of calcium?

A
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21
Q

What is the normal level of magnesium?

A

1.6-2.6 mEq/L

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22
Q

How does Magnesium work in the body?

A

It is involved in the synthesis of DNA, maintenance of potassium in the ICF, electrical activity of the nerves and cardiac muscle

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23
Q

Magnesium levels are affected by:

A

malnutrition and alcohol

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24
Q

what is the most abundant anion in the ECF?

A

Chloride

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25
What are the normal levels of Chloride?
95-105 mEq/L
26
Where are the adrenal glands located?
top of kidneys
27
What does the hormone Aldosterone do?
tells the kidneys to hold onto sodium, which in turn causes retention of water and excretion of potassium
28
Aldosterone antagonist (potassium sparing diuretic)
spirolactone and Aldactone
29
What thyroid hormones regulate calcium in the body?
Parathyroid (PTH) and Calcitonin
30
What does Calcitonin do?
If there is too much calcium in the blood, this thyroid hormone tells the calcium to go into the bones.
31
What does PTH do?
If there is not enough calcium in the blood, PTH borrows calcium from bone.
32
What is the normal range of Magnesium?
1.6-2.6 mEq/L
33
Normal range for Chloride?
95-105 mEq/L
34
Normal range for phosphorus?
2.5-4.5 mEq/L
35
What is the inverse of calcium?
Phosphorus
36
How is Phosphorus the inverse of calcium?
When calcium is high, phosphorus is low and vice versa.
37
What is the normal range for Bicarbonate?
22-26 mEq/L
38
How does bicarbonate help maintain the body's pH?
Acid neutralizing
39
What is the normal serum pH of the body?
7.35-7.45
40
What are the dangerous/fatal serum pH?
below 6.9 and above 7.8
41
hypernatremia
high sodium
42
hyponatremia
low sodium
43
Hypervolemic
fluid excess
44
hypovolemic
low fluid
45
hypokalemia
low potassium
46
hyperkalemia
high potassium
47
How is IV potassium given?
NEVER push (CAN CAUSE HEART TO STOP), must be diluted and put on an IV pump
48
What does low potassium cause?
Cardiac arrhythmias, flat or low t-wave on EKG
49
If you are suffering from hyperaldosteronism, what does that mean for your potassium and sodium?
Aldosterone causes the body to hold onto sodium, so if you are not producing enough, your body is holding onto potassium instead
50
What are the clinical manifestations of hyperkalemia?
muscle twitching, elevated t-wave on EKG, dysrythmias
51
How does insulin and glucose treat hyperkalemia?
Causes potassium to go back into cells and glucose is to prevent hypoglacemia
52
What type of insulin can be given IV?
Regular ONLY
53
Hypocalcemia
Low calcium
54
What type of parathyroidism can cause hypocalcemia and why?
Hypoparathyroidism; PTH won't borrow the calcium that the body needs from the bones
55
What is the Trousseau and Chvostek signs?
T-using BP cuff on arm will cause hand to draw up, C-deep reflexes in cheek will cause twitch
56
Hypercalcemia
High calcium
57
How does hypercalcemia cause kidney stones?
Build up of calcium can form the stones
58
Hypomagnesemia
low magnesium
59
What causes hypomagnesemia?
Alcoholism and malnutrition
60
What precautions need to be taken when administering magnesium IV?
Watch for seizures
61
What is a simple treatment for Hyper of any electrolytes?
Diuretics and diets
62
Hypophosphatemia
Low phosphate
63
What electrolyte needs to be monitored when treating high or low phosphate?
Calcium
64
What is a CLABSI?
Infection of a central line
65
What level of cleanliness is required for putting in a central line?
Sterile technique
66
What are the two buffers for pH?
Carbonic Acid or CO2 and sodium bicarbonate
67
What is acidosis?
When the pH is leaning towards acidic so the lungs work to remove CO2. Resp rate increases and depth decreases
68
What organ makes bicarb?
Kidneys
69
Is bicarb acidic or basic?
Basic
70
What is alkalosis?
pH is leaning alkaloidal, so the lungs work to retain CO2 by increasing depth and decreasing rate
71
If your ph is acidic, how would that affect your potassium?
Pushes potassium out of the cells causing hyperkalemia
72
Normal levels for CO2 on an ABG
35-45 mm Hg
73
Normal levels for Bicarbonate
22-26 mm HG
74
Normal levels for oxygen on an ABG
80-100 mm Hg
75
When reading an ABG, what do you review first?
the pH to figure out if you are acidic, alkalotic, or normal
76
When reading an ABG, what would a high CO2 level tell you?
The pt lungs are not working like they need to be-high would be acidic, low is alkalotic, or normal
77
When reading an ABG, what does the Bicarbonate levels tell you?
High is alkalotic, low is acidic, or normal
78
What causes respiratory acidosis?
pH lower than 7.35, CO2 above 45
79
What causes respiratory alkalosis?
pH above 7.45, low CO2
80
What causes metabolic acidosis?
pH lower than 7.35 and low levels of bicarbonate
81
What causes metabolic alkalosis?
pH higher than 7.45 and bicarbonate is high---commonly caused by excessive acid loss via vomiting or gastric suction

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