FMB - Lecture 2 Flashcards
(155 cards)
1
Q
CELL THEORY
A
- All organisms are made up of one or more cells.
- Cells are the basic unit of structure and organization that perform life functions.
- All cells derived from pre-existing cells.
2
Q
The ___________ grew out of the work of many scientists and improvements in the microscope. Many scientist contributed to this.
A
Cell Theory
3
Q
First to see cells (corks cells) in a microscope.
A
Robert Hooke
4
Q
First to see organisms moving in pond water he place under microscope (animalcules).
A
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
5
Q
1838 - Concluded all plants were made of cells.
A
Matthias Schleiden
6
Q
1839 - Concluded all animals are made up of cells.
A
Theodor Schwann
7
Q
1855 - New cells can only be produced from the division of existing cells. This completed the 3rd statement of the new “Cell Theory” of life.
A
Rudolf Virchow
8
Q
________ small unit which exhibits all the characteristics of life.
A
Cell
9
Q
Basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known organism.
A
Cell
10
Q
Functions of Cell
A
- Basic unit of life.
- Synthesis molecules.
- Communication.
- Cell metabolism and energy use.
- Reproduction and inheritance of (DNA).
11
Q
French Biologist that first distinguish prokaryote and eukaryote 1937.
A
Edouard Chatton
12
Q
Prenucleus
A
Prokaryote
13
Q
True nucleus
A
Eukaryote
14
Q
Three Domains of Life by Carl Woese
A
Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
15
Q
SIZE
Average size.
A
- 0.2 - 2.0 micrometer in diameter.
- 2 - 8 micrometer in length.
16
Q
SHAPE
Basic shape.
A
- Spherical coccus
- Rod-shaped bacillus
- Spiral shaped
- Vibrio - comma shaped
- Sprillum - wavy shaped
- Spirochetes - cork screw shaped
17
Q
_____ are much smaller that eukaryortic cells.
A
Bacteria
18
Q
Shape of the bacterium is determined by _______.
A
Heredity
19
Q
ARRANGEMENTS
Pairs
A
- Diplococci
- Diplobacilli
20
Q
ARRANGEMENTS
Chains
A
- Streptococci
- Streptobacilli
21
Q
ARRANGEMENTS
Clusters
A
- Tedrad
- Sarcinae
- Staphylococci
22
Q
The substances that surrounds the cell. It is viscous and gelatinous polymer that contains polysaccharides and polypeptide.
A
Glycocalix
23
Q
It is outside the cell wall and can protect cell against dehydration. It’s viscosity may inhibit the movement of nutrients out of the cell.
A
Glycocalix
24
Q
If the substances is organized and firmly attached to the cell wall and can be seen through negative staining.
A
Capsule
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Unorganized and unattached. The source of nutrition and is also a biofilm.
Slime layer
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Degree of a pathogen that cause disease.
Bacterial Virulence
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Capsule also prevent phagocytosis.
glycocalix
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Protect, facilitate, and enables the cell to survive.
Extracellular polymeric substance.
29
This is located outside the cell wall. Half of the know bacteria are motile and capable of movement because of this.
Flagella
30
Three basic parts of Flagella.
1. Filament
2. Hook
3. Basal body
31
Constant in diameter. Contains flagellin (protein) arranged in several chains that intertwined and form a helix around a hollow core.
Filament
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Support the filament and the basal body.
Hook
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Anchor flagella in the cell wall and plasma membrane.
Basal Body
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Contains single flagella.
Monotrichous
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Both side of the bacteria have flagella
Amphitrichous
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Tough of flagella from one pole.
Lophotrichous
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Flagella is distributed on the entire cell.
Peritrichous
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Bacteria that lacks flagella and no projections.
Atrichous
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The ability of an organism to move by or by itself.
Motility
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One direction or smooth movement of bacteria.
Swim or run
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Interrupted change of direction.
Tumble
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Advantage of motility.
It enables the bacteria to move towards a favorable environment or away from an adverse one.
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Function of motility.
Rotate flagella to run or tumble.
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The movement of a bacterium towards or away a particular stimulus.
Taxis
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Four types of taxis.
1. Chemicals
2. Light
3. Attractant / +
4. Repellent / -
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Stimuli taxis of chemicals.
Chemotaxis
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Stimuli taxis of light.
Phototaxis
48
Flagellar proteins.
H-antigens
49
Useful for distinguishing among serovars within a species of gram-negative bacteria.
H-antigens
50
This chemotactic signal will go towards the stimulus.
Attractant
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This chemotactic signal will tumble away from the stimulus.
Repellent
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Motility structure of and archaean.
Archaella
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Consist of glycoproteins
Archaellins
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These are bacteria that have unique structure and motility because the move through axial filament.
Spirochetes
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Other term for axial filament.
Endoflagella
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Bundles of fibrils that arise at the ends of a cells beneath an outer sheet and spiral around the cell. (Anchored at one end of the cell.)
Endoflagella
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Rotation causes cell to move. The type of movement is similar to the way a cork screw moves through a cork.
Axial filament
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Use for attachment. Tiny hollow projections as they are used to attached bacteria to surfaces. It also does not involve movements.
Pili
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Pili is composed of _____ that is subunit of proteins.
Pilin
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Two kinds of Pili.
1. Conjugation Pili or Sex Pili or F Pili
2. Attachment Pili or Fimbriae
61
Can be found only in certain groups of bacteria. It attached two cells and responsible for the transfer of genetic materials.
Conjugation Pili
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This help bacteria adhere to surface like cell surface. Could also contribute to the pathogenecity of certain bacteria.
Fimbriae
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Complex semi-rigid structure which is responsible for the shape of the bacteria.
Cell wall
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If the cell walls is digested away by a particular enzymes, it became ______ in shape.
Sperical
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Prevents cell from bursting or osmotic lysis.
Cell wall
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Point of anchorage of flagella.
Cell wall
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Mirror the image of each other.
Sterioisomer
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Gram positive cell wall characteristics.
1. Thick peptidoglycan.
2. Teichoic acids.
3. In acid-fast cells, it contains mycolic acid.
69
Gram negative cell wall characteristics.
1. This peptidoglycan.
2. No teichoic acids but has lipopolysaccharide.
3. Has an outer membrane.
70
Negative charge because of the phosphate group.
Teichoic Acid
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Two types of Teichoic Acids.
1. Lipoteichoic acid
2. Wall teichoic acid
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It pans the peptidoglycan layer until the plasma membrane.
Lipoteichoic acid
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Linked in the peptidoglycan layer.
Wall teichoic acid
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Movement of cation and responsible for antigenic specificity (easier to identify).
Teichoic Acid
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Consist of one or very few layers of peptidoglycan but still consist of __________________.
Gram Negative: Outer Membrane
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Outer Membrane
* Lipopolysaccharides, lipoproteins, phospholipids.
* Protection from phagocytes, complement, antibiotics
* Barrier to digestive enzymes such as lysozyme, detergents, heavy metals, bile salts, and certain dyes.
* Porins (proteins) form channels through membrane
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Large complex molecule that contains lipids and carbs.
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
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Lipid portion of the LPS and is embedded in the top layer of the outer membrane.
Lipid A
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Its role is structural—to provide stability
core polysaccharide
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It functions as an antigen. Also, it is useful for distinguishing species of gram- negative bacteria.
0 polysaccharide
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Transport metabolite inside cytoplasm and mostly observed in gram negative bacteria.
Periplasmic Space
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- A gap between the cell membrane and the cell wall
- Active area of cell metabolism
Periplasmic Space
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Two types of atypical cell walls.
1. Mycoplasmas
2. Archaea
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It is a unique plasma membrane and lacks cell walls. It also the smallest known bacteria that can grow and reproduce outside living host cells.
Mycoplasmas
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Mycoplasmas have ______ in plasma membrane.
Sterols
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They are wall-less and lacks D-amino acid.
Archaea
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Archaea have wall of pseudomurein or __________________ intstead of NAM.
N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid
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1. Do not have cell wall, instead it has sterols.
2. Presence of cell wall and mycolic acid.
1. Mycoplasmas
2. Mycobacterium
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Gram positive bacteria that has thick with 60% lipid and contains much less peptidoglycan. It also has a waxy lipid in the form of mycolic acid.
Acid-fast bacteria
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Catalyzes hydrolisis of the bonds between sugars and the repeating disaccharides.
Lysozyme
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Digests disaccharide in peptidoglycan.
Lysozyme
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_______ is a wall-less Gram positive cell. It is spherical and is still capable of carrying on metabolism.
Protoplast
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_______ is a wall-less Gram-negative cell. It's a spherical structure containing the cellular contents, plasma membrane, and remaining outer wall layer.
Spheroplast
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Types of Antibiotics
1. Penicillin (Gram +)
2. Beta lactams (Gram -)
95
Inhibits peptide bridges in peptidoglycan.
Penicillin (Gram +)
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L forms are wall-less cells that swell into irregular shapes.
Penicillin (Gram +): Proteus
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It is a living membrane and forms boundary between cell and environment. Also, it is dynamic and constantly changing.
Plasma membrane or Cytoplasmic membrane
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Proteins attached in carbohydrates.
glycoproteins
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Lipids attached in carbohydrates.
glycolipids
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Three components of Phospholipids.
1. Glycerol
2. Fatty acid tails
3. Phosphate group
101
Have both hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.
Amphipathic
102
Major Molecules of Phospholipid
1. Lipids
2. Cholesterol
103
Water-loving and is soluble in water. It is polar.
Hydrophilic Head
104
It is non-polar, water-fearing, and insoluble in water.
Hydrophobic Tails
105
Semi-permeable which indicates that certain molecules and ions are allowed to pass through the membrane.
Plasma membrane
106
Membrane is as viscous as olive oil. It allows membrane proteins to move freely enough to perform their functions without destroying the structure of the membrane.
Fluid Mosaic Model
107
Proteins move to function and phospholipids rotate and move laterally.
Fluid Mosaic Model
108
Functions of Plasma Membrane:
1. Serve as a selective barrier through which materials enter and exit the cell.
2. Selective permeability (semipermeable)
3. Breakdown of nutrients and the
production of energy.
109
Catalyzing the chemical reactions that break
down nutrients and produce ATP.
Plasma Membrane
110
Photosynthetic pigments on folding called _______________.
chromatophores or thylakoids
111
The artifacts of Plasma membrane.
Mesosomes
112
It is vital to bacterial cells.
Plasma Membrane
113
Plasma Membrane distrupts:
1. Alcohols
2. Quaternary Ammonium - Disinfectants
3. Polymyxins - Group of antibiotics that cause leakage of the intracellular contents that would lead to subsequent death of cells.
114
Substances cross the membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Do not require the cell to expend energy
Passive
115
Examples of Passive:
1. Diffusion
2. Facilitated Diffusion
116
Require the use of energy in the form of ATP
to move substances from areas of low
concentration to areas of high concentration.
Active
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Net (overall) movement of molecules or ions from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. EQUILIBRIUM – even distribution
Simple Diffusion
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Integral membrane proteins function as channels or carriers that facilitate the movement of ions or large molecules across the plasma membrane -transporters or permeases.
Facilitated Diffusion
119
Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane
Osmosis
120
The pressure needed to stop the movement of water across the membrane.
Osmotic pressure
121
Behavior of cells in fluid environment.
Tonicity
122
No net movement of water occurs.
Isotonic solution
123
Water moves into the cell resulting of swelling and bursting of cell.
Hypotonic solution
124
Water moves out of the cell, causing cytoplasm to shrink (plasmolysis).
Hypertonic solution
125
A process by which cells absorb external material by engulfing it with the cell membrane
Endocytosis
126
Is a form of active transport and bulk transport in which a cell transports molecules out of the cell. requires energy.
Exocytosis
127
Substances of the cell inside the plasma membrane. 80% is water, contains proteins particularly enzymes.
Cytoplasm
128
Thick aqueous soup of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and inorganic salts and is surrounded with plasma membrane.
Cytoplasm
129
* Series of fibers in the cytoplasm
* MreB and ParM, cresetin, and FtsZ
* Cell division, cell shape, cell growth, DNA movement
Cytoskeleton
130
Polyribosomes
* Spherical, stain densely, and contain a large subunit and a small subunit.
Ribosomes
131
Serve as sites for protein synthesis.
Ribosomes.
132
Large subunit of ribosomes.
50s, 23s, and 5s
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Small subunit of ribosomes.
30s and 16s
134
Contains a single long, continuous, and frequently circularly arranged thread of double-stranded DNA called the bacterial chromosome.
Nuclear region / Nucleoid
135
Carries all the information required for the cell's structures and functions.
bacterial chromosome
136
CLOSE CIRCULAR CHROMOSOME
1989 – 2 circular chromosomes was observed
* Rhodobacter sphaeroides
* Agrobacterium rhizogenes
* Agrobacterium tumefaciens – one close one linear
* Brucella suis
* Vibrio cholerae – one large and 1⁄4 size of the first
137
Transferable and small circular molecule of DNA. Also known as jumping genes.
Plasmids and Integrons
138
Plasmids and Integrons carry genes for activities such as:
Antimicrobial resistance, toxins, enzymes
139
Can survive adverse environmental condition for a long period of time.
Endospores
140
* Resting cells
* Bacillus, Clostridium
* Resistant to desiccation,bheat, chemicals
Endospores
141
Endospore formation
Sporulation
142
Return to vegetative state
Germination
143
Macro-molecular network. Also known as murein.
Peptidoglycan
144
Polymer of disaccharide
*N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
*N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)
*Short peptide chain
145
Linked by polypeptides –adjacent rows
Peptidoglycan
146
They maintain a single shape.
Monomorphic
147
It has many shapes.
Pleomorphic
148
Easily remove from the membrane by maltreatments.
Peripheral proteins
149
This can be remove from the membrane only after distrupting the lipid bilayer.
Integral proteins
150
Penetrate the whole membrane completely.
Transmembrane proteins
151
Some ________ are channels that have pores and holes whicg substances enter and exit.
Integral proteins
152
Useful for distinguishing among serovars within a species of gram-negative bacteria.
H-atingens
153
PROKARYOTIC CELL
1. Small and Simple
2. Nucleus is absent
3. Circular DNA
4. Reproduced sexually and asexually
5. Single haploid chromosome
154
EUKARYOTIC CELL
1. Large and Complex
2. Nucleus is preseny
3. Linear DNA
4. Reproduced sexually
5. Paired diploid chromosome
155
Lipid Inclusions
Sulfur granules
Magnetosomes
Energy reserve lipids
Energy reserve
Iron oxide
