FMB - Lecture 4 Flashcards

(88 cards)

1
Q

Refers to an increase in size of all part of the organism.

A

Microbial Growth

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2
Q

It can result from an increase in cell number, cell size, of the amount of substance surrounding cells.

A

Microbial Growth

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3
Q

An increase in the size of a give population.

A

Unicellular Microorganisms / Microbial Growth

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4
Q

It may be expressed as an increased in either the number of individuals or the total amount of biomass.

A

Unicellular Microorganisms / Microbial Growth

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5
Q

Division into two. Asexual reproduction. It has four stages.

A

Binary Fission

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6
Q

Four Stages in Binary Fission:

A
  1. Parent Cell
  2. DNA Duplicates
  3. Cytoplasm Divides
  4. 2 Daughter Cells
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7
Q

Form of asexual reproduction. There must be an outgrowth (bud) that develops on the parent cell.

A

Budding

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8
Q

Division of _______ can be symmetrical or asymmetrical.

A

Budding

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9
Q

Standard bacterial growth curve.

A

Phases of Growth

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10
Q

Making new enzymes in response to new medium. No division is happening.

A

LAG Phase

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11
Q

Adaptation and there is no net increase in bacterial numbers, however, the cells are metabolically active.

A

LAG Phase

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12
Q

Geometric progression.

A

LOG / EXPONENTIAL Phase

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13
Q

Desired for production of products.

A

Exponential / Logarithmic Growth

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14
Q

Can occur for a limited time because of nutrient and gas depletion, waste accumulation, and decrease in ATP generation.

A

LOG / EXPONENTIAL Phase

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15
Q

The time required for a cell to divide.

A

Generation Time

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16
Q

Maintain logarithmic phase of bacteria.

A

Chemostat

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17
Q

Is the continuous flow of media.

A

Chemostat

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18
Q

The period of equilibrium.

A

STATIONARY Phase

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19
Q

Microbial death balance production of new cells.

A

STATIONARY Phase

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20
Q

Population is decreasing at a logarithmic rate.

A

DEATH Phase

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21
Q

Assume a variety of unusual shapes.
- Pleomorphic
- Hard for the microbiologists to identify.

A

INVOLUTION - Death Phase

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22
Q

Methods used to measure microbial growth:

A
  1. Plate Counts (Serial Dilution, Pour/Spread Plates)
  2. Filtration
  3. Most Probable Number Method
  4. Direct Microscopic Count
  5. Flow Cytometry (FACS)
  6. Turbidity

Indirect Method
1. Dry weight
2. Metabolic Activity

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23
Q

Each colony on plate or filter arises from single live cell. Only count live cells.

A

PLATE COUNT

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24
Q

Small volume of liquid, diluted sample pipette on to surface of the medium and spread around evenly by a sterile spreading tool.

A

SPREAD PLATE METHOD

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25
Fixed amount of inoculum (generally 1 ml) from a broth/sample is placed in the center of sterile Petri dish using a sterile pipette.
POUR PLATE METHOD
26
Viable counts are expressed in __________________________ , rather than cells, per unit volume.
COLONY FORMING UNITS (CFU)
27
Ideally only plates with _______ colonies are used.
25 - 250
28
Heavy and confluent growth, greater than 300 colonies.
TNTC (Too Numerous To Count)
29
Countable, 25 - 250 , 30 - 300 colonies.
Medium Growth
30
Few/light growth of colonies. Less than 25 / 30 colonies (1-24).
Too Few To Count (TFTC)
31
Because it is impossible to tell whether colonies are separates.
Confluent
32
Selective / Differential media is used for this method. It has a membrane filter with 45-47 micro filter (utilizes a selectively-permeable membrane).
Filtration
33
Count positive tubes and compare statistical ______ table.
Most Probable Number (MPN) / Multiple Test Tubes
34
Can be used for microbes that will grow in a liquid medium; it is a statistical estimation of microorganisms and it is statistically significant.
Most Probable Number (MPN) / Multiple Test Tubes
35
Need a microscope, special slides, and high power objective lens. Counts live cells.
Direct Microscopic Counts
36
What is the special slide used for direct microscopic counts?
Petroff-Hausser cell counter
37
Formula for Direct Microscopic Counts:
Number of bacteria / mL = number of cells counted / volume of area counted
38
It is computer generated. Counts live cells, death cells, and beads.
Flow Cytometry / Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting (FACS)
39
Practical way of monitoring microbial growth. Growth Curve.
Turbidity
40
Cells act like large particles that scatter visible light. It also measure both live and dead cells.
Turbidity
41
A _____________ sends a beam of visible light through a culture and measures how much light is scattered.
Spectrophotometer
42
In turbidity, scales read in either __________ or ____________.
Absorbance or % transmission
43
Turbidity: The ____________ is used to plot bacterial growth.
Absorbance
44
Compares growth of microorganisms. It has particular estimate per standards.
Mcfarland Standard
45
A chemical solution of barium chloride and sulfuric acid. The reaction between these two chemicals results in the production of a fine precipitate, barium sulfate.
Mcfarland Standard
46
Used to standardize the approximate number of bacteria in a liquid suspension by comparing the turbidity of the test suspension with that of the ______________________.
Mcfarland Standard
47
Indirect ways of estimating bacterial numbers are:
1. Metabolic Activity 2. Dry Weight
48
This method assumes that the amount of a certain metabolic product, such as acid or CO2, is in direct proportion to the number of bacteria present
Metabolic Activity
49
* For filamentous organisms. Make use of Biomass. * The fungus is removed from the growth medium, filtered to remove extraneous material, and dried in a desiccator.
Dry Weight
50
FUNGI
◼ Eukaryotic ◼ Aerobic or facultatively anaerobic ◼ Chemoheterotrophic - is the term for an organism which derives its energy from chemicals, and needs to consume other organisms in order to live.
51
Study of Fungi
Mycology
52
Beneficial and important in Food Chain. They are decomposers and responsible to recycle vital elements.
Fungi
53
Forms of Fungi:
1. Yeast 2. Molds 3. Dimorphism
54
◼ Unicellular fungi ◼ Fission _______ divide symmetrically - Schizosaccharomyces octosporus ◼ Budding ______ divide asymmetrically - Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Yeast
55
Visible structure of molds.
Hyphae
56
Macro structure of molds.
Mycellium
57
Multicellular fungi.
Molds
58
Molds: The fungal thallus consists of ___________.
Hyphae
59
Molds: A mass of hyphae is a __________.
Mycelium
60
Molds: Nutrients are involved.
Vegetative Hyphae
61
Molds: Sexual reproductive.
Aerial / Reproductive Hyphae
62
Can change forms: Fungi or Yeast. Temperature dependent.
Dimorphism
63
Pathogenic dimorphic fungi are yeastlike at _________ and moldlike at _________.
- yeastlike at 37°C - moldlike at 25°C
64
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
- Plasmogamy - Karyogamy - Meiosis
65
Haploid donor cell nucleus (+) penetrates cytoplasm of recipient cell (–). Union of Cytoplasm.
Plasmogamy
66
+ and – nuclei fuse (union or fusing of nucleus). Differences in genetic material.
Karyogamy
67
Diploid nucleus produces haploid nuclei (sexual spores).
Meiosis
68
Method of Sexual Reproduction:
1. Planogametic copulation 2. Gametangial contact 3. Gametangial copulation (gametangiogamy) 4. Somatogamy 5. Spermatization:
69
Fusion of two flagellate gametes.
Planogametic copulation
70
Planogametic copulation
1. Isogamy 2. Anisogamy 3. Oogamy
71
Same morphology, different physiology.
Isogamy
72
They are heterogamy.
Anisogamy and Oogamy
73
Female is bigger than the male. Both motile.
Anisogamy
74
Male is motile, Female is non motile.
Oogamy
75
Examples of the following: 1. Isogamy - 2. Anisogamy - 3. Oogamy -
1. Isogamy - Synchytrium 2. Anisogamy - Allomyces 3. Oogamy - Monoblepharis
76
Fertilization tube (to transfer nucleus). No Fusion, they will only attach to one another (magdidikit lang). Male - female.
Gametangial contact
77
Fusion of entire cell.
Gametangial copulation (gametangiogamy)
78
+,- strain of mycelia. Fusion of structures. Formation of hyphae (cells but not nucleus).
Somatogamy
79
Formation of spermatia, receptive hyphae. Non-motile gametes.
Spermatization
80
Examples of Gametangial contact:
Albugo Pythium
81
Examples of Gametangial copulation:
Mucor Rhizopus
82
Examples of Somatogamy:
Agaricus Peniophora
83
Example of Spermatization:
Puccinia
84
Types of Fungi:
1. Chytridiomycota 2. Zygomycota 3. Basidiomycota 4. Ascomycota
85
Zygomycota
◼ Conjugation fungi. ◼ Coenocytic. ◼ Produce sporangiospores and zygospores. ◼ Rhizopus, Mucor (Opportunistic, systemic mycoses)
86
Ascomycota
◼ Sac fungi. ◼ Septate. ◼ Produce ascospores and frequently conidiospores. - Aspergillus (opportunistic, systemic mycosis) - Blastomyces dermatitidis, Histoplasma capsulatum (systemic mycoses) - Microsporum, Trichophyton (cutaneous mycoses)
87
Basidiomycota
◼ Club fungi. ◼ Septate. ◼ Produce basidiospores and sometimes conidiospores. - Cryptococcus neoformans (systematic mycosis)
88
Chytridiomycota
◼ commonly known as chytrids ◼ Aerobic zoosporic fungi ◼ coenocytic ◼ Reproduce asexually by forming motile zoospores