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Orthopaedics (equine) > Foot penetrations and hoof wall > Flashcards

Foot penetrations and hoof wall Flashcards

1
Q

what direction do hoof cracks usually run?

A

proximo-distal direction (with hoof tubules)

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2
Q

what are hoof cracks usually caused by?

A

inciting causes include poor foot balance, poor hoof care, poor horn quality, environment, trauma

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3
Q

what are transverse hoof cracks usually associated with?

A

coronary band injury

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4
Q

how are hoof cracks described?

A

complete/incomplete
depth (superficial/deep)

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5
Q

what are the risks of hoof cracks?

A

instability leading to shear forces which can further separation
infection and pain

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6
Q

how are hoof cracks treated?

A

determine characteristic/depth (if sensitive areas are involved)
farriery - debride, dremmel, filler to stabilse
identify underlying cause
antibiotics (local/systemic)

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7
Q

what farrier treatments can be used as part of treatment for hoof cracks?

A

debride/dremmel necrotic tissue
filler to stabilise
trim foot to unload the crack (shoe)

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8
Q

how are incomplete hoof cracks often treated?

A

with trimming and shoeing

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9
Q

what are some possible signs of distal limb injuries/lacerations?

A

avulsion/disruption to hoof wall
moderate/severe lameness
haemorrhage
involvement of other structures

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10
Q

why do distal limb injuries often haemorrhage a lot?

A

digital cushion is highly vascularised

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11
Q

what are some important synovial structures associated with the distal limb?

A

distal interphalangeal joint
proximal interphalangeal joint
navicular bursa
digital flexor tendon sheath

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12
Q

what tendons are associated with distal limb injury?

A

deep digital flexor tendon
superficial digital flexor tendon
extensor tendons
collateral ligaments

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13
Q

why does disruption to the coronary band have major consequences?

A

alters the growth of the hoof wall

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14
Q

how can distal limb injuries be treated?

A

clean and antibiotics
bandaging/casting
flush synovial structures
shoeing

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15
Q

what is the distal interphalangeal joint also known as?

A

coffin joint

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16
Q

what penetrating injuries are associated with shoeing?

A

nail bind
shoe pricking

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17
Q

what is nail bind?

A

nail placed close to sensitive structures causing a mild lameness and pain around nail

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18
Q

what is shoe pricking?

A

nail into sensitive structures of the hoof causing immediate pain and blood

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19
Q

what can develop if a shoe prick is left?

A

subsolar abscess

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20
Q

what type of lameness does subsolar abscesses cause?

A

severe acute lameness

21
Q

why do subsolar abscesses cause lameness?

A

put pressure on sensitive hoof lamina

22
Q

what signs will be present when examining a distal limb with a subsolar abscess present?

A

increased digital pulse
increased temperature
sensitivity to hoof testers

23
Q

what are some causes of subsolar abscesses?

A

bacteria tracking up shoeing nail
puncture wounds
sole bruising (blood accumulates and acts as a medium for bacterial growth)

24
Q

what is the key to treating subsolar abscesses?

A

draining it

25
Q

how are subsolar abscesses treated?

A

drain
poultice
bandage (protect foot)
tetanus prophylaxis
NSAIDs

26
Q

should antibiotics be used for subsolar abscesses?

A

no - only if tracking further up the limb

27
Q

what structures are we concerned about in foot penetration cases?

A

navicular bone
navicular bursa
deep digital flexor tendon
distal sesamoidean impar ligament
distal interphalangeal joint
digital flexor tendon sheath

28
Q

what diagnostics can be used for foot penetrations?

A

radiography (probe and contrast)
synoviocentesis
MRI

29
Q

what tendon do penetrations have to go to to get to the navicular bursa?

A

deep digital flexor tendon

30
Q

how are foot penetrations involving synovial structures treated?

A

debride infected tissue
flush effected synovial structure
antibiotics

31
Q

what are some possible underlying causes of chronic hoof abscessation?

A

immunocompromise
keratoma
laminitis
bone sequestrum
infective osteitis

32
Q

what is quittor?

A

infection of collateral cartilages

33
Q

what is the treatment for quittor?

A

surgical debridement

34
Q

what is the main clinical sign of quittor?

A

swelling and chronic discharge from the coronary band (even after antibiotics)

35
Q

what is a keratoma?

A

benign tumour of the hoof or solar horn

36
Q

how do keratomas appear on radiography?

A

smooth, radiolucent area of P3

37
Q

how are teratomas treated?

A

surgical resection

38
Q

what is canker?

A

chronic condition associated with hypertrophy of the germinal layer of the epithelium of the frog

39
Q

what pathogen is canker often associated with?

A

Fusobacterium

40
Q

what does canker result in?

A

abnormal hyperkeratotic horn with keratolysis and fronds of unconnected intertubular horn

41
Q

how can mild cases of canker be treated?

A

improve environment
debride abnormal areas
metronidazole bandaging
dilute formulin

42
Q

what is the treatment for canker?

A

aggressive surgical debridement

43
Q

how likely is canker to reoccur?

A

often reoccurs

44
Q

what is white line disease?

A

progressive crumbling and poor quality hoof wall with separation at the white line

45
Q

what can cause white line disease?

A

warm, wet weather
biotin/zinc/selenium deficiency

46
Q

what is the white line?

A

junction between hole and hoof wall

47
Q

how is white line disease treated?

A

remove abnormal horn
support horn (bar shoe)
prevent progression - nutrition, povidone iodine, environmental modification

48
Q
A

Orthopaedics (equine) (18 decks)

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