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Orthopaedics (equine) > Forelimb anatomy (Yr 1) > Flashcards

Forelimb anatomy (Yr 1) Flashcards

1
Q

what is the weight bearing digit of horses?

A

3rd

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2
Q

what is the function biceps brachii?

A

extends shoulder and flexes elbow

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3
Q

what part of the stay apparatus connects to the biceps brachii?

A

lacertus fibrosis

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4
Q

what is the lacertus fibrosis?

A

fibrous extension of the biceps brachii that inserts onto the proximal third metacarpal

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5
Q

what are the carpal bones present in horses?

A

radius, intermediate, ulna, accessory
2, 3, 4 (3rd is largest)

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6
Q

what joint of the carpus has the most movement?

A

antebrachial-carpal joint

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7
Q

what joint of the carpus has the least movement?

A

carpometacarpal joint

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8
Q

what structures support the carpus?

A

collateral ligaments
palmar fibrocartilagenous plate (check ligament origin)

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9
Q

what forms the carpal canal?

A

palmar fibrocartilagenous plate
palmar retinaculum
accessory carpal bone

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10
Q

what passes through the carpal canal?

A

deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT)
superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT)

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11
Q

what does the tendon sheath cover?

A

deep digital flexor tendon
superficial digital flexor tendon

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12
Q

what is the third metacarpal bone known as?

A

cannon bone

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13
Q

what are the second and fourth metacarpal bones known as?

A

splint bones

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14
Q

what is the palpable section at the bottom of the splint bones known as?

A

button

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15
Q

what connects the cannon bone to the splint bones?

A

fibrous joint that mineralises with age

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16
Q

what is the proximal phalanx known as?

A

long pastern bone

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17
Q

what is the middle phalanx known as?

A

short pastern

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18
Q

what is the distal phalanx also known as?

A

pedal or coffin bone

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19
Q

what tendon attaches to the coffin bone?

A

common digital extensor tendon
deep digital flexor tendon

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20
Q

why is the dorsal surface of the coffin bone striated?

A

due to blood vessels and hoof attachment

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21
Q

how many centres of ossification do the metacarpal bones have?

A

third (cannon) has 2
second/fourth (splints) have 2

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22
Q

how many centres of ossification do the phalanges have?

A

proximal - 2
middle - 2
distal - 1

23
Q

what is the distal sesamoid called?

A

navicular

24
Q

where is the navicular bone located?

A

palmar aspect of the distal interphalangeal joint

25
Q

what tendon runs over the navicular bone?

A

deep digital flexor tendon

26
Q

what is the metacarpophalangeal joint known as?

A

fetlock

27
Q

what bones form the fetlock joint?

A

third metacarpal and proximal phalanx

28
Q

what features limit the metacarpophalangeal joint to just flexion and extension?

A

saggital ridge on third metacarpal along with the groove on the proximal phalanx

29
Q

where is the suspensory ligament found?

A

runs from the palmar third metacarpal between the splint bones and then attaches to the common digital extensor tendon

30
Q

what are the structures that support the carpal joint?

A

intersesamoidean ligaments
collateral sesamoidean ligaments

31
Q

what are the four sesamoidean ligaments supporting the carpus?

A

cruciate
short
oblique
straight

32
Q

what is the proximal interphalageal joint known as?

A

pastern joint

33
Q

what is the distal interphalageal joint known as?

A

coffin joint

34
Q

what structures coordinate movement of the distal interphalangeal joint?

A

common digital extensor tendon
deep digital flexor tendon

35
Q

what ligaments attach to the navicular bone?

A

collateral (to proximal phalanx)
impar (to distal phalanx)

36
Q

what separates the distal interphalangeal joint from the navicular bursa?

A

impar ligament

37
Q

what is the mineralization of the medial/lateral cartilages of the distal phalanx called?

A

sidebone

38
Q

what are the extensor tendons of the forelimb?

A

common digital extensor (joint by suspensory ligaments)
lateral digital extensor

39
Q

what are the flexor tendons of the forelimb?

A

superficial digital flexor tendon
deep digital flexor tendon

40
Q

what ligament attaches to the deep and superficial digital flexor tendons?

A

accessory check ligament

41
Q

what does the superficial digital flexor tendon insert onto?

A

middle phalanx

42
Q

what are the layers starting with skin of the dorsal metacarpal region?

A

skin
superficial digital flexor tendon
deep digital flexor tendon
accessory check ligament
suspensory ligament

43
Q

what is the function of the annular ligaments?

A

hold deep and superficial digital flexor tendons against the bone

44
Q

what are the two main branches of the median and ulnar nerves (they combine distal to carpus)?

A

palmar metacarpal nerves (supply dorsal aspect of the digit)
palmar nerves (becomes palmar digital nerve)

45
Q

what are the anatomical aspects of the solar surface of the hoof?

A

frog (rubbery wedge between the bars)
bars of heel
sole (shouldn’t contact ground)
white line
walls (weight bearing)
central and collateral sulcus

46
Q

what is the periople?

A

surrounds the coronary region providing a waterproof layer

47
Q

what is the function of the digital cushion?

A

provide shock absorption and protection to DDFT, distal phalanx, navicular bursa and navicular bone

48
Q

what ere the functions of the lateral cartilages of the hoof (distal phalanx)?

A

shock absorption

49
Q

what is the function of the coronary band?

A

produce epidermis in the form of keratin tubes that extend distally

50
Q

what is the weight bearing surface in horses?

A

hoof wall

51
Q

what is the dermis of the hoof made from?

A

vertical ridges (laminae) that attach to the distal phalanx

52
Q

how does a horse weight bear?

A

frog contacts ground first and passes forces into digital cushion and lateral cartilages
hoof wall then contacts the floor and transfers weight via laminae to the distal phalanx

53
Q
A

Orthopaedics (equine) (18 decks)

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