Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Orthopaedics (equine) > Upper hindlimb (Yr 4) > Flashcards

Upper hindlimb (Yr 4) Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three compartments of the stifle?

A

femoropatellar
medial femorotibial
lateral femorotibial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what compartments of the stifle communicate?

A

femoropatellar and medial femorotibial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the bones that make up the stifle?

A

distal femur
proximal tibia
patella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the patellar ligaments?

A

medial, middle, lateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the soft tissue structures of the stifle?

A

medial, middle, lateral patellar ligaments
medial and lateral femoropatellar ligaments
medial and lateral collateral ligaments
cranial and caudal cruciate ligaments
medial and lateral menisci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

why is it difficult to image the stifle?

A

lots of soft tissue structure around it (top of leg)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what radiographic views can we take of the stifle?

A

caudocranial
lateromedial
caudolateral-craniomedial oblique

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is highlighted on a caudolateral-craniomedial oblique view of the stifle?

A

caudomedial (medial femoral condyle)
craniolateral (lateral trochlear ridge)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

why should you always image both stifles?

A

lesions are often developmental

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the main site of osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) in the stifle?

A

lateral trochlear ridge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is OCD?

A

osteochondritis dissecans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what horses usually present with OCD?

A

young horses (6 months - 4 years)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the number one site for OCD?

A

lateral trochlear ridge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how does stifle OCD present?

A

joint effusion
variable lameness (depends on where fragments sit)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how is stifle OCD diagnosed?

A

radiograph and ultrasound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how can stifle OCD be treated conservatively?

A

if <12 months old
dietary control and restrict exercise
monitor lameness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how can stifle OCD be treated surgically?

A

if >12 months old
removal of fragment
curettage of healthy subchondral bone (until it bleeds)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

when should you do surgery of stifle OCD?

A

only if older than 12 months (fragments can reattach before this)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

where are osseous cyst-like lesions found in the stifle?

A

medial femoral condyle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are osseous cyst-like lesions also called?

A

subchondral bone cyst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

when do horses present with osseous cyst-like lesions?

A

1-3 years old (and older) - later than OCD lesions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the clinical signs of osseous cyst-like lesions?

A

intermittent/severe lameness
joint effusions (medial femorotibial joint)

23
Q

what is the main way osseous cyst-like lesions are diagnosed?

A

radiography

23
Q

what are the treatment options for osseous cyst-like lesions?

A

intra-articular corticosteroids
inject cyst with corticosteroids
debride cyst and pack with bone graft
bone screw across cyst

24
Q

what does prognosis of osseous cyst-like lesions depend on?

A

age of horse (much better in younger horses)

25
Q

what is the best treatment for osseous cyst-like lesions?

A

injection of corticosteroids into cyst (still not that great)

26
Q

what are some possible soft tissue stifle injuries?

A

meniscal and meniscotibial ligament injuries
cruciate ligament injuries (uncommon)

27
Q

what can cause osteoarthritis of the stifle?

A

trauma/soft tissue injury
secondary to fracture
sequelae to sepsis
OCD/osseous cyst-like lesions

28
Q

why is osteoarthritis of the stifle not good?

A

it is a very high motion joint

29
Q

what are common clinical signs of stifle osteoarthritis?

A

moderate lameness
sore to flexion test
respond to diagnostic analgesia

30
Q

what imaging is used for stifle osteoarthritis?

A

radiography

31
Q

what is the prognosis for stifle osteoarthritis?

A

poor

32
Q

what is the prognosis for complete femur or tibial fractures?

A

euthanasia required

33
Q

what are common sites for upper hindlimb fractures?

A

tibial tuberosity
patella

34
Q

what muscle inserts onto the tibial tuberosity?

A

patella ligaments

35
Q

why does care need to be taken with possible tibial tuberosity fractures in foals?

A

tibial tuberosity has a separate centre of ossification so growth plates can look like fractures (radiograph the other leg!!)

36
Q

how can we treat patella fractures?

A

repair them
remove if less than 1/3

37
Q

what is the aetiology of upward fixation of the patella?

A

medial pole of the patella hooks over the medial trochlear ridge of the femur (normal part of stay apparatus) but then can’t unlock itself from this position

38
Q

what are the two possible reasons for upward fixation of the patella?

A

patella ligaments too tight
quadriceps are too weak

39
Q

what are the clinical signs of upward fixation of the patella?

A

poorly muscled or muscle loss
limb locked in extension and dragged (entire leg is rigid due to stay apparatus)
can be intermittent or persistant

40
Q

how can upward fixation of the patella be treated?

A

exercise to build up quadriceps muscle
desmoplasty of medial patella ligament

41
Q

how can you unlock an upward fixed patella?

A

walk horse backwards
manually move patella laterally

42
Q

how common is coxofemoral joint pathology?

A

relatively uncommon

43
Q

what are two possible conditions of the coxofemoral joint?

A

osteoarthritis
subluxation

44
Q

what is the prognosis for osteoarthritis of the coxofemoral joint?

A

euthanasia (crippling lameness) - also very difficult to medicate the joint

45
Q

what breeds is coxofemoral joint subluxation associated with?

A

miniature breeds

46
Q

what are the common sites for pelvic fractures?

A

tuber coxae (traumatic)
ilial wing
ilial shaft (life threatening)
pubis/ischium
acetabulum

47
Q

why are ilial shaft fractures life threatening?

A

iliac artery can be severed (usually require euthanasia)

48
Q

what are the clinical signs of pelvic fractures?

A

pain/swelling/muscle spasms
lameness (variable)
signs of shock (haemorrhage)
nerve damage
muscle atrophy (if chronic)

49
Q

how are pelvic fractures treated?

A

pain relief (NSAIDs)
box rest (cross-tie) - at least a month

50
Q

what is the prognosis for pelvic fracture?

A

good for minimally displaced
poor for acetabular or ilial shaft fractures

51
Q

what is sacroiliac disease?

A

ligaments of sacroiliac joint become strained/stressed leading to poor performance and lameness

52
Q

what are the clinical signs of sacroiliac disease?

A

lameness (variable)
poor performance
pain on palpation
pelvic asymmetry (muscle wastage)

53
Q
A

Orthopaedics (equine) (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions