For final Flashcards
1
Q
what is energy of measure of
A
a measure of how well a feed fuels the body
2
Q
what was the old method of measuring energy
A
Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN)
-developed in 1898 but still used today in beef cow rations
3
Q
how is TDN measured
A
calculated by measuring the overall digestibility of the energy contributing nutrients in a feed
- used digestibility stalls
- live animals
- 10 day trial
- measure lbs of nutrients lost in manure
4
Q
If feeds have more protein, starch, and sugar do they have a higher or lower TDN
A
higher
5
Q
What is the newer way to measure energy
A
Net Energy System
6
Q
what does the Net energy system measure
A
measures not just feces energy losses but includes wasted feed energy as
- feces
- urine
- GIT gases
- body heat
7
Q
what is energy measured in
A
calories
- kilocalories
- megacalories
- joules
8
Q
what are the steps in order in determining energy values in NE system
A
- Gross Energy
- Digestible Energy
- Metabolizable Energy
- Net Energy
9
Q
What is the gross energy value
A
all the potential energy in feed “ heat of combustion”
-sample burned in bomb calorimeter
10
Q
what is the metabolism chamber used for
A
Net energy caluclations
11
Q
definition of net energy
A
energy animal has left after other losses are accounted for
12
Q
what is net energy used for
A
body maintenance
- maintain normal body temp
- shiver
- panting
- body weight
- basic cell activity
- voluntary activity
13
Q
3 factors affecting NEM (net energy maintenance)
A
- environmental conditions
- grazing vs. bunkfeed
- body weight
14
Q
what is leftover Net energy used for
A
productive purposes
- milk production
- work
- reproduction
- wool/hair
- growth
15
Q
what units of energy is used for these species of animals
- beef cows
- horses, rabbits, fish
- poultry, hogs, dogs, cats,
- ruminants
A
- TDN
- DE
- ME
- NE
16
Q
what portion of feed are minerals found in
A
ash
17
Q
what are the 2 classifications of minerals
A
- macro minerals
2. micro/trace minerals
18
Q
what are macrominerals
A
minerals required in large amounts in diet
19
Q
what are 7 of the macrominerals
A
- calcium
- phosphorus
- sodium
- chlorine
- potassium
- magnesium
- sulfur
20
Q
what are trace minerals
A
minerals required in smaller amounts in diet
21
Q
what are 11 trace minerals
A
- iron
- zinc
- copper
- manganese
- selenium
- iodine
- cobalt
- fluorine
- chromium
- boron
- silicon
22
Q
what 2 minerals are required in such small amounts that they are not added to feeds because it could kill them
A
arsenic and lead
23
Q
where must all minerals come from
A
diet or water
24
Q
where are most minerals abosrbed
A
the small intestine and then straight into the blood
-some in the rumen or hindgut
25
how are dietary mineral requirements determined
reported in journals and national research council (NRC)
| publications for each species
26
what are three ways that affect how well dietary minerals are absorbed (bioavailability)
1. the level of other minerals in diet may decrease the bioavailability of a mineral. "mineral interactions"
2. chemical form of a mineral.
3. vitamins can enhance mineral bioavailability
27
functions of calcium
hardens bones/teeth (hydroxy apatite complex)
28
soft tissue functions of calcium
1. helps clot blood
2. helps nerve impulse transmission, muscles contract
3. helps harden the shell on eggs
29
what is one sign of calcium deficiency
rickets(bones are soft and they will bend abnormally)
30
2 causes of mineral interaction
1. formation of undigestible mineral complexes
| 2. excess minerals take up most of absorption sites along small intestine
31
2 calcium supplements
1. ground limestone
2. ground oyster shells
-good natural food sources like forages are better than grains
32
3 functions of phosphorus
1. hardens bones
2. phospholipids
3 ATP cellular energy
33
3 deficiency signs of phosphorus
1. general weakness
2. infertility
3. eating bones (osteophagia)
34
good sources of phosphorus
grains and soy
| steamed bonemeal
35
2 functions of magnesium
1. cofactor for many enzymes in cell metabolism
| 2. nerve impulses and muscle contraction
36
Mg deficiency
grass tetany
| -cattle on lush pastures, can result in convulsions and death
37
what is a magnesium supplement
Mag Ox
38
what 3 minerals make up the electrolytes
1. sodium
2. chlorine
3. potassium
39
what are the 2 functions of the electrolytes
1. water movement within the body
| 2. Acid base balance
40
what is the main intracellular cation
potassium
41
how are electrolytes lost
sweat and diarrhea
42
term referring to a high body pH
alkalosis
43
what compound is fed to acidify the body more and who is it fed to
ammonium chloride
| -dry dairy cows and feedlot lambs
44
what is the main function of sulfur
a component of 2 sulfur containing amino acids
1. methionine
2. cysteine
45
classify methionine and cysteine as essential or non essential amino acids
methionine is essential
| cysteine is non esstential
46
what else is sulfur a component of besides amino acids
cartilage joint supplements
47
what are 2 sulfur containing joint supplements
1. glucosamine sulfate
| 2. chondroitin sulfate
48
what is the best source of dietary sulfur
organic protein
49
what are 3 sulfur deficiency signs
1. poor performance/growth
2. lack of protein
3. for sheep- poor quality wool
50
where is 80% of iron in the body
hemoglobin and myoglobin
51
iron deficiency signs
anemia
| -weakness, pale mucus membranes
52
what are baby pigs injected with to help with their iron levels
iron dextrin injections
53
function of copper
component of enzymes/proteins involved in hemoglobin and RBC formation
- copper increases immune function, strengthens WBCs
- necessary for melanin formation
54
what animal is the most susceptible to copper toxicity
sheep
55
2 roles of zinc
1. enhances immune system
| 2. healthy hair coat, wool, and skin and feathers, hooves
56
zinc deficiency
parakeratosis
| -hair falls out, scaly skin
57
role of iodine
component of 2 thyroid gland hormones
1. thyroxine
2. triiodothryonine
58
deficiency sign for iodine
swelling of the thyroid gland
59
what is the fancy term for a salt block or direct fed salts
trace mineralized salts
60
role of cobalt
component of vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin)
| -helps for RBCs properly
61
deficiency signs of B12
anemic, wasting disease
62
what is something about cobalt that is unique
can only be utilized by herbivores
63
information on selenium
1. very narrow tolerance levels in diet
| 2. FDA controls how it is purchased and used
64
main function of selenium
component of enzyme glutathione peroxide
| -helps prevent oxidative destruction of cell membranes
65
deficiency signs of selenium
1. stiff lamb disease
2. white muscle disease
3. retained placenta
66
what are vitamins considered
mighty micronutrients
67
what units are vitamin A,D, & E required
international units (IU's)
68
what are 5 sources of vitamins
1. natural feeds
2. dietary supplements (synthetic)
3. injectable
4. body cells can synthesize
5. GIT microbes can synthesize
69
what are 4 fat soluble vitamins
ADEK
70
why are fat soluble vitamins more likely to reach toxic levels in the body
because of their storage capabilities in the liver and fat
71
what are 2 water soluble vitamins
vitamin C and B complex
72
information on the 2 water soluble vitamins
not stored well
| - needed in diet or from gut microbes on more regular basis
73
3 functions of vitamin A (retinol)
1. epithelial cell health
2. anti-infectious vitamin
3. night vision
74
4 deficiencies of vitamin A
1. increase in sickness
2. poor fertility
3. night blindness
4. young children can develop dry eye
75
what is a vitamin A precursor
beta carotene
76
what is beta carotene and what are some of its functions
1. yellow pigment
| 2. converts to vitamin A when absorbed from SI
77
what are good sources of beta carotene
orange corn, green fresh forages
78
factors that destroy beta carotene
1. UV light
2. ensiling
3. mold
4. heat
5. oxygen
79
what is the vitamin D precursor and where is it found
ergosterol and its found in fresh cut forages
80
where does vitamin D form
in forages
81
what is the precursor of vitamin D in the skin
dehydrocholesterol
82
what are synthetic vitamin D supplements
1. UV irradiated yeast
| 2. UV irradiated wool grease
83
how do birds get vitamin D
from their oil glands above their tail and when they preen themselves the oil is spread over their back and when they preen a second time later in the day they ingest some vitamin D
84
function of vitamin D
increases intestinal calcium absorption
85
deficiency of vitamin D
rickets
86
what is vitamin D toxicity and examples this
calcium deposition in soft tissues
- rat poison
- calcium clogs arteries
87
what is the official name of vitamin E and what is its function
Alpha tocopherol
| -healthy muscle cell membranes
88
deficiency of vitamin E
stiff lamb disease
| white muscle disease
89
sources of vitamin E
vegetable oils
fresh greens
nuts, olives
90
function of vitamin K
clots blood
| -works with vitamin D to ossify bones
91
deficiency of vitamin K
uncontrolled bleeding
92
does vitamin K need to be supplied in the diet of animals
not routinely because it can be synthesized in the GIT
93
sources of vitamin K
green plants
94
why do most animals not require vitamin C in their diet
because most can synthesize their own vitamin C from glucose
95
functions of vitamin C
collagen synthesis
| enhances iron absorption from GIT
96
what are 8 of the B vitamins
1. Thiamin,
2. riboflavin
3. niacin
4. biotin
5. pantothenic acid
6. folate
7. vitamin B6
8. vitamin B12
97
function of B vitamins
coenzymes
98
deficiency of B vitamins
skin problems, no appetite, weakness, weight loss
99
function of thiamin
cellular CHO metabolism (krebs cycle)
| nervous system function
100
deficiencies of thiamin
```
circle walking (rats)
star gazing (poultry)
```
101
what is the thiamin antagonist
thiaminase enzyme in raw fish
102
function of riboflavin
krebs cycle
| nervous system
103
what is riboflavin destroyed by
UV light
104
deficiency of riboflavin
curly toes
105
functions of niacin
krebs cycle
| helps prevent ketosis in dairy cattle
106
deficiency of niacin
black tongue
107
what excess amino acid can be converted into niacin
tryptophan
108
what is the official name of vitamin B12
cyanocobalamin
109
what was vitamin b12 first know as
animal protein factor
110
what sources have b12 and what main source does not have any
sources: meat, milk, eggs, meat and bone meal
| - none in plants
111
functions of b12
proper RBC formation
112
what two things can synthesize b12
bacteria in GIT and yeast
113
what mineral can be converted to b12 by GIT microbes
cobalt
114
what is needed for the absorption of vitamin b12
requires in the intrinsic factor secreted by the stomach
115
deficiencies of folacin
anemia
abnormal fetuses
-CNS and skeleton most affected
116
what is folacin added to
it is added to processed grain products
117
what do blue salt blocks contain
cobalt and iodine and salt
118
what do yellow salt blocks contain
sulfur and salt
