Digestion

Question 1

Neophobia

Answer 1

fear of anything new

Question 2

neophilia

Answer 2

cautious acceptance of new feeds

Question 3

delayed learning

Answer 3

animal tastes just a little of a new feed and it sees how its body reacts

Question 4

avoidance/aversion training

Answer 4

if we want an animal to avoid poisonous plants in pasture:

1. offer small amount of poisonous plant
2. remove plant and dose animal with lithium chloride which causes nausea
3. animal associates nausea with plant

Question 5

2 main functions of the digestive tract

Answer 5

1. to breakdown feed nutrients to a molecular size suitable for absorption (transport from gut into blood or lymph)
2. Maintains a barrier against invading disease bacteria and viruses
   - a healthy bacteria population population lining the gut walls help

Question 6

what does GIT stand for

Answer 6

gastro intestinal tract (alimentary tract)

Question 7

4 processes that breakdown nutrients

Answer 7

1. mechanical
2. chemical
3. enzymes
4. fermentation

Question 8

examples of mechanical digestion

Answer 8

chewing, gizzard

Question 9

example of chemical digestion

Answer 9

Hydrochlroric acid in the stomach

Question 10

example of enzyme digestion

Answer 10

proteins that hydrolyze bonds in nutrients

Question 11

example of fermentation digestion

Answer 11

gut microbes, produce enzymes that do the breakdown

Question 12

end product for proteins in digestion

Answer 12

amino acids and small peptides which are absorbed in small intestines

Question 13

end product of starch and sugars in digestion

Answer 13

monosaccharides (monogastrics)

VFA (ruminants)

Question 14

end product of fiber in digestion

Answer 14

Monogastrics (undigested)

ruminants/horse (VFAs)

Question 15

end product of fats and oils in digestion

Answer 15

all species

-free fatty acids + monoglycerides

Question 16

how are GI tracts classified

Answer 16

by type of diet eaten

Question 17

3 types of GI tracts

Answer 17

1. Carnivore
2. herbivore
3. omnivore

Question 18

carnivore GI tract characteristics 
What is digested
Feed transit time
What does it convert
type of teeth

Answer 18

1. mainly fat and protein digested, no carbs
2. 10-14 hours rate of food passage
3. can convert fat/protein into glucose
4. teeth are sharp and pointed

Question 19

what is the process of converting fat and protein into glucose

Answer 19

gluconeogenesis

Question 20

herbivore GI tract characteristics
size
compartments
type of digestion 
teeth

Answer 20

1. some compartments are large in size
2. many compartments
3. fermentation (takes a long type)
4. flat molars for grinding, sideways jaw movement
   - ruminants dont have upper incisors (dental pad)

Question 21

what type of digestive tract is

1. short and simple
2. long and complex
3. intermediate length

Answer 21

1. carnivore
2. herbivore
3. omnivore

Question 22

omnivore digestive tract characteristics
compartments
who is an omnivore
teeth

Answer 22

1. some larger compartments
2. dogs, humans, bears
3. canine teeth and grinding molars

limited microbe fermentation ability

Question 23

3 types of GIT’s by DESIGN (type of stomach)

Answer 23

1. monogastrics
2. ruminants
3. pseodoruminants

Question 24

Describe the monogastric stomach

Answer 24

1. one stomach compartment only
2. its glandular
3. the inner lining secretes enzymes and HCL

chickens, hogs, horses, dogs, cats

Question 25

describe the ruminant stomach

Answer 25

one true glandular stomach and 3 stomach compartments that are non glandular

Question 26

describe the pseudoruminant stomach

Answer 26

3 stomach compartments | llamas and alpacas

Question 27

define Prehension

Answer 27

the taking in of feed into the mouth

Question 28

what are the main prehensile parts of the following animals: 1. cattle 2. horses 3. hogs 4. sheep/goats

Answer 28

1. tongue 2. lips 3. lower jaw 4. lips (have a split lip called philtrum

Question 29

define mastication and its benefits (4)

Answer 29

1. breaks down particle size of feed 2. eases swallowing 3. increases surface area 4. increases digestive enzyme attachment efficiency

Question 30

2 types of processing of grains to increase digestive efficiency

Answer 30

1. hammer mill (fine grind) 2. roller mill (more uniform, larger particle size) - rolling crimping cracking

Question 31

3 types of salivary grands

Answer 31

1. Parotid Gland 2. Sublingual gland 3. sub maxillary

Question 32

What is the daily saliva volume in 1. chicken 2. horse 3. cattle

Answer 32

1. 10-30mL 2. 10 gallons 3. 40 gallons

Question 33

Contents in Saliva (5)

Answer 33

1. 97% water 2. mucin 3. sodium bicarbonate 4. enzymes 5. lysozyme

Question 34

function of water in saliva (2)

Answer 34

1. moistens bolus | 2. increases taste sensation

Question 35

function of mucin in saliva (3)

Answer 35

1. a glyco-protein 2. lubricates bolus 3. in ruminants it disrupts foam bubbles in rumen

Question 36

function of sodium bicarbonate in saliva

Answer 36

neutralizes acids in stomach or rumen, prevents excessive acidity

Question 37

function of enzymes in saliva

Answer 37

start digestive process amylase (starch)- none in herbivores lipase (fats/oils)

Question 38

function of lysozyme in saliva

Answer 38

does not digest dietary nutrients bacteria killing thats why animals lick wounds

Question 39

define deglutition

Answer 39

swallowing

Question 40

what is peristalsis

Answer 40

wave like contractions down the esophogus

Question 41

what is reverse peristalsis

Answer 41

regurgitating a cud

Question 42

define emesis

Answer 42

vomiting | -horses cant vomit because of the esophageal sphincter

Question 43

define emetic

Answer 43

causes vomiting hydrogen peroxide