Foreign Policy

Question 1

Foreign Policy Analysis (FPA)

Answer 1

The study of statecraft (tools used by governments to secure and promote their national interest)

Question 2

Historical Perspective of States

Answer 2

1. Sovereignty as a concept developed in Europe in 17th century
2. Rise of nationalism in late 18th century organized states, and imperialism defined borders
3. Globalization may be undermining this political order of sovereignty

Question 3

Foreign Policy

Answer 3

The articulation of national interests and the means chosen to secure those interests in the international arena.

Question 4

Two Types of National Interests

Answer 4

1. Material (trade agreements, energy)

2. Ideational (promotion of values, norms)

Question 5

Realists’ National Interests

Answer 5

Security, power, economic and political stability

Question 6

Pastor’s chain of national interest priorities

Answer 6

1. Defend borders
2. Pursuit of economic resources
3. Defense of values and traditions, promotion of ideals
4. Implicit and explicit efforts to make the world similar to it

Question 7

Liberals’ National Interests

Answer 7

• Maintaining global law

- Empowering cooperative regimes

Question 8

Constructivists & National Interests

Answer 8

Foreign policy goals are shaped by internationally held norms about what is appropriate behaviour

Question 9

Marxists & National Interests

Answer 9

Marxists believe that foreign policy is controlled by economic and political elites. States are not altruistic, by makinh poorer states depend on them.

Question 10

Sticks and Carrots

Answer 10

AKA Threats vs inducements

Question 11

Threats in IR

Answer 11

• Force, economic sanctions, boycotts, embargos, punitive tariffs, diplomacy

Question 12

Inducements in IR

Answer 12

Project aid, program aid, technical assistance, humanitarian assistance, military aid

Question 13

Four Functions of Diplomacy

Answer 13

1. Communication between actors
2. Negotiation
3. Participation in organizations
4. Promotion of trade and economic interests

Question 14

Two Types of Diplomacy

Answer 14

Coercive diplomacy (ultimatums)
Public diplomacy (propaganda, education)

Question 15

Hard Power vs Soft Power

Answer 15

Hard power: sticks and carrots
Soft power (ability to shape preferences) For example, media or MNCs. Soft power is not influence, but attraction.

Question 16

4 Phases of FP Making

Answer 16

1. Initiation (Define the problem)
2. Formulation (develop responses)
3. Implementation (execute plan)
4. Evaluation

Question 17

Great, Middle, and Small powers and their FP

Answer 17

Great Power: Often realist
Middle Power: 
1. Catalyze (provide resources)
2. Facilitate (setting agendas) 
3. Manage (support institutions) 
Small Power:
Dependent on wealth and geography