Foster long notes 1

Question 1

is orchitis common? what else could it be?

Answer 1

-severe inflammation of the testes is rare
-the inflammation and/or infection are usually of the tunica vaginalis and epididymis

Question 2

inflammatory reactions in male repro tract are often a reaction to what?

Answer 2

reaction is to spermatozoa that have leaked into the tissues.

Question 3

most important factor when considering prognosis for inflammation in the scrotal region

Answer 3

The ability of spermatozoa to stimulate a florid inflammatory reaction

Question 4

what type of reaction do spermatozoa cause when they leak into extratubular compartments?

Answer 4

Spermatozoa incite a granulomatous and pyogranulomatous reaction known as a spermatic granuloma.

Question 5

macroscopic appearance of a spermatic granuloma

Answer 5

similar to pus

Question 6

what type of reaction to sperm that leak out into extratubular space cause?

Answer 6

foreign body

Question 7

possible consequences of a spermatic granuloma

Answer 7

• The reaction leads to chronic inflammation and fibrosis, and continued disruption and obstruction of tubes and tubules.
• Spermiostasis, spermatocele and/or further spermatic granulomas are the consequence.

Question 8

how common are diseases that directly affect the tunica vaginalis? what is a more frequent finding?

Answer 8

-rare
-secondary involvement after epididymitis is much more frequent

Question 9

most well known cause of inflammation of the vaginal tunics in the domesticated species

Answer 9

feline infectious peritonitis

Question 10

presenting sign in cat for practitioner to consider FIP

Answer 10

scrotal swelling

Question 11

what recess of the male anatomy is continuous in the peritoneum, and what is a consequence?

Answer 11

-vaginal recess/tunics
-any disease affecting the peritoneum can and will affect this area

Question 12

are small testes a cause for concern? what do they mean?

Answer 12

-yes, cause for concern
-Small testes mean reduced production of spermatozoa because testicular weight and volume are correlated with daily sperm output.

Question 13

when is it best to diagnose testicular hypoplasia or atrophy? how can we differentiate between them?

Answer 13

-at puberty. Almost impossible to differentiate cause of small testes in older animals

In general, a hypoplastic testis has a small hypoplastic epididymis attached. The epididymis is usually disproportionately larger in testicular atrophy.

Question 14

Testicular hypoplasia is what type of disorder

Answer 14

Disorder of Sexual Development (DSD) (and thus could be Chromosomal, XY or XX in type)

Question 15

difference in size for testicular hypoplasia likely due to

Answer 15

a reduction in either the number of tubules, the length of tubules, the diameter of the tubules, or one or more combinations of these.

Question 16

can testicular hypoplasia be inherited?

Answer 16

hypoplasia is known or suspected to be hereditary in the dog, bull, ram, and buck. The exact genetic abnormality is often not established.

Question 17

The diagnosis of testicular maldescent can be a clinical challenge when

Answer 17

there are no scrotal testes or only one scrotal testis but no history of whether castration was performed previously.

Question 18

a cryptorchid testis has what other features?

Answer 18

hypoplastic and will eventually degenerate

Question 19

will a cryptorchid testis produce sperm and testosterone?

Answer 19

Although spermatogenesis may be absent, testosterone production continues for a long time

Question 20

tests for cryptorchidism

Answer 20

Tests such as HCG stimulation can be performed in bilateral cryptorchids, but there are other ways. Structures that are testosterone dependent include the prostate of the dog, the barbs on the penis of the cat, and the vesicular glands (seminal vesicles) of the bull and stallion.

Question 21

most common reproductive abnormality of cats and horses

Answer 21

Cryptorchidism - it is very common

Question 22

at what age is the testis in the scrotum in the majority of dogs

Answer 22

10 days

Question 23

The usual location of the retained testis

Answer 23

adjacent to the inguinal ring, within the inguinal ring and beneath the inguinal ring in a subcutaneous location, representing failure of one of the phases of migration.

Question 24

3 phases of testicular migration

Answer 24

the abdominal translocation
the transinguinal migration
the inguinoscrotal migration

Question 25

Some of the known causes of testicular degeneration in mammals, including rodents.

Answer 25

Advancing age
Chlorinated naphthalenes
Epididymitis
Chemicals
Heat
Hormones
Metal compound toxicity
Neoplasia
Nutritional disorders
Plants
Radiation Stress/Corticosteroid therapy Trauma
Ultrasound Viral infection

Question 26

Testicular degeneration is manifested clinically and grossly as

Answer 26

atrophy, mineralization, and fibrosis
-often will see spermiostasis, and spermatic granulomas may develop

Question 27

histological bases of testicular degeneration

Answer 27

germinal epithelium reduces in amount and eventually all spermatogenesis stops

Question 28

Testicular degeneration usually occurs because of what?

Answer 28

influences external to the testis (in contrast to hypoplasia)

Question 29

common sign of testicular degeneration

Answer 29

mineralization
-may involve whole or part of one seminiferous tubule, or whole regions.