Foster long notes 3

Question 1

Castration of juveniles reduces the number of prostatic diseases to one:

Answer 1

carcinoma

Question 2

Acute prostatitis is a disease that arises from

Answer 2

ascending infection, often from E. coli

Question 3

Chronic prostatitis may have what symptoms

Answer 3

requently a subclinical disease.
-It may cause a urethral discharge, infertility, recurrent cystitis and hematuria.

Question 4

Diagnosis of prostatitis is made difficult by

Answer 4

proximity to the bladder and urethra, so that semen can be contaminated with urethral material and urine.

Question 5

Paraprostatic cysts probably arise as

Answer 5

a cystic change in hyperplasia

Question 6

the prognosis for single large prostatic cysts is usually:

Answer 6

very poor because they can seldom be completely removed.

Question 7

Prostatic abscesses probably arise from

Answer 7

bacterial infection of a prostatic cyst.

Question 8

prosttic abscess signs

Answer 8

Signs are usually noticed when the dog becomes clinically ill, and fever, anorexia, pyrexia, and urethral discharge are presenting complaints.

Question 9

do intact or neutered dogs experience more prostatic carcinomas

Answer 9

both the about same

Question 10

Signs if carcinoma of the prostate include

Answer 10

obstruction of the urethra, erosion of blood vessels and resultant hematuria, or evidence of extensive metastasis.

Question 11

issues caused by prostatic carcinoma

Answer 11

Small - metastasis

Large - The extensive fibrosis and space occupying effect can result in stricture of the rectum and colon, resulting in tenesmus and other signs of constipation. Hind leg lameness and weakness, and emaciation are frequently seen

Question 12

Vesicular adenitis occurs commonly in what species? signs?

Answer 12

ruminant, usually subclinical

• In bulls it is recognized as an important clinical disease and a cause of infertility and poor freezibility of semen

Question 13

vesicular adenitis pathogenesis

Answer 13

As with epididymitis, it is believed that most cases not associated with Brucella infection are the result of ascending infection.

Question 14

Two forms of vesicular adenitis in the bull are recognized; what are they and their signs

Answer 14

acute fibrinopurulent form where there are the typical signs of acute inflammation – swelling, pain on palpation and neutrophils in the semen. Some bulls may have systemic signs.

A chronic interstitial form is the second type and there is a considerable increase in size, excessive fibrosis, firm consistency and loss of lobulation.

Question 15

Diseases of the penis and prepuce are common in what species?

Answer 15

all

Question 16

origins of a persistent frenulum and effects

Answer 16

The epithelium of the penis and prepuce are fused until puberty, when there is separation of the epithelium. Failure of complete separation will result in a persistent membrane (called a persistent preputial band) or frenulum that may cause deviation of the penis when it is erect.

Question 17

Eversion of the preputial mucosa is common in

Answer 17

bulls of the Bos indicus and in polled breeds of the Bos taurus species

Question 18

Eversion of the preputial mucosa origins and complications

Answer 18

The eversion is permitted by inadequate muscular arrangements in the prepuce, and its importance lies in the injuries acquired to the everted epithelium. Trauma and desiccation lead to edema, inflammation, and preputial prolapse.

Question 19

Forced deviation of the penis (hematoma of the penis, broken penis) is a disease of what type of animal, mostly? how does it occcur? result?

Answer 19

bulls

Deviation of the penis during coitus causes the extremely high pressure generated by the coital thrust to result in rupture of the penis at the level of the insertion of the retractor penis muscle. A hematoma develops and it may be large enough to cause hypovolemic shock. Most are not so immediately life threatening and will heal with scarring and phimosis.

Question 20

Paraphimosis is what? how does it arise?

Answer 20

a complication of tranquilizing horses, especially if phenothiazines are used. Affected horses are unable to retract the penis, and engorgement and trauma result. Dogs develop paraphimosis as a ‘spontaneous’ lesion.

Question 21

what species are particularly affected by uroliths and what can result?

Answer 21

especially in cats and ruminants - that result in stones lodging in the penile urethra. Penile necrosis, and ‘water belly’ with bladder and or urethral rupture, occurs.

Question 22

posthitis is what?

Answer 22

Inflammation and or infection of the prepuce (posthitis) mostly occur as a nonspecific event.

Question 23

Balanitis is what? what about balanoposthitis?

Answer 23

inflammation of the head of the penis. Inflammation of the head of the penis and prepuce is called balanoposthitis but in all species except the dog, should more accurately be called phalloposthitis.

Question 24

flora of the prepuce that cause cause problems

Answer 24

herpesviruses, mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas of most species. Specific agents include Tritrichomonas foetus, Campylobacter fetus, Corynebacterium renale and Ureaplasma diversum in bulls, and Eubacterium suis (basonym of Actinobaculum suis)in pigs

Question 25

A preputial discharge is seen frequently in male dogs, mostly due to

Answer 25

non-specific balanoposthitis

Question 26

Outbreaks of posthitis are recorded in wethers, and rarely in rams. There is a combination of factors operative in this disease:

Answer 26

The animals are usually on a high protein diet thus producing abundant urea. The causative agent is Corynebacterium renale, a urease-producing organism that breaks down urea to ammonia. It is believed that the ammonia causes ulceration adjacent to the preputial orifice. Further damage and infection results in a severe posthitis that can result in preputial obstruction, scarring and eventually death.

Question 27

Canine transmissible venereal tumour diagnostic method and treatment

Answer 27

fine needle aspiration or incision or excisional biopsy.

treatment with vincristine.

Question 28

Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis is found in what animal? cause?

Answer 28

relatively common condition of older horses

Equus caballus papillomavirus-2 (EcPV- 2) is now considered an important factor.

Question 29

fibropapillomas are common in what animals? cause? symptoms?

Answer 29

Young bulls commonly develop fibropapillomas. The papilloma virus, bovine papilloma virus type 2, causes these exophytic lesions. They often occur during the first mating season, and they are fleshy lesions that become ulcerated and cause hemorrhage and pain.

Question 30

differential diagnoses for testicular masses

Answer 30

neoplasms spermatic granuloma ectopic adrenal

Question 31

differential diagnoses for epididymal masses

Answer 31

spermatic granuloma/epididymitis cystic structures
parasitic cysts
ectopic adrenal

Question 32

differential diagnoses for spermatic cord

Answer 32

varicocele
lymphadenitis
spermatic granulomas
abscesses
cystic structures (Hydatid of Morgagni, stallion)
parasitic migration tracts - strongyles of horses

Question 33

differential diagnoses for tunica vaginalis

Answer 33

peritonitis/periorchitis
cystic structures
neoplasia - mesothelioma
scrotal hernia
parasitic cysts/migration tracts
scrotal hernia

Question 34

differential diagnoses for the penis

Answer 34

Nonspecific posthitis
Herpesvirus
Trauma
Transmissible venereal tumor
Fibropapilloma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Habronemias