Foster long notes 3 Flashcards
Castration of juveniles reduces the number of prostatic diseases to one:
carcinoma
Acute prostatitis is a disease that arises from
ascending infection, often from E. coli
Chronic prostatitis may have what symptoms
requently a subclinical disease.
-It may cause a urethral discharge, infertility, recurrent cystitis and hematuria.
Diagnosis of prostatitis is made difficult by
proximity to the bladder and urethra, so that semen can be contaminated with urethral material and urine.
Paraprostatic cysts probably arise as
a cystic change in hyperplasia
the prognosis for single large prostatic cysts is usually:
very poor because they can seldom be completely removed.
Prostatic abscesses probably arise from
bacterial infection of a prostatic cyst.
prosttic abscess signs
Signs are usually noticed when the dog becomes clinically ill, and fever, anorexia, pyrexia, and urethral discharge are presenting complaints.
do intact or neutered dogs experience more prostatic carcinomas
both the about same
Signs if carcinoma of the prostate include
obstruction of the urethra, erosion of blood vessels and resultant hematuria, or evidence of extensive metastasis.
issues caused by prostatic carcinoma
Small - metastasis
Large - The extensive fibrosis and space occupying effect can result in stricture of the rectum and colon, resulting in tenesmus and other signs of constipation. Hind leg lameness and weakness, and emaciation are frequently seen
Vesicular adenitis occurs commonly in what species? signs?
ruminant, usually subclinical
- In bulls it is recognized as an important clinical disease and a cause of infertility and poor freezibility of semen
vesicular adenitis pathogenesis
As with epididymitis, it is believed that most cases not associated with Brucella infection are the result of ascending infection.
Two forms of vesicular adenitis in the bull are recognized; what are they and their signs
acute fibrinopurulent form where there are the typical signs of acute inflammation – swelling, pain on palpation and neutrophils in the semen. Some bulls may have systemic signs.
A chronic interstitial form is the second type and there is a considerable increase in size, excessive fibrosis, firm consistency and loss of lobulation.
Diseases of the penis and prepuce are common in what species?
all
origins of a persistent frenulum and effects
The epithelium of the penis and prepuce are fused until puberty, when there is separation of the epithelium. Failure of complete separation will result in a persistent membrane (called a persistent preputial band) or frenulum that may cause deviation of the penis when it is erect.
Eversion of the preputial mucosa is common in
bulls of the Bos indicus and in polled breeds of the Bos taurus species
Eversion of the preputial mucosa origins and complications
The eversion is permitted by inadequate muscular arrangements in the prepuce, and its importance lies in the injuries acquired to the everted epithelium. Trauma and desiccation lead to edema, inflammation, and preputial prolapse.
Forced deviation of the penis (hematoma of the penis, broken penis) is a disease of what type of animal, mostly? how does it occcur? result?
bulls
Deviation of the penis during coitus causes the extremely high pressure generated by the coital thrust to result in rupture of the penis at the level of the insertion of the retractor penis muscle. A hematoma develops and it may be large enough to cause hypovolemic shock. Most are not so immediately life threatening and will heal with scarring and phimosis.
Paraphimosis is what? how does it arise?
a complication of tranquilizing horses, especially if phenothiazines are used. Affected horses are unable to retract the penis, and engorgement and trauma result. Dogs develop paraphimosis as a ‘spontaneous’ lesion.
what species are particularly affected by uroliths and what can result?
especially in cats and ruminants - that result in stones lodging in the penile urethra. Penile necrosis, and ‘water belly’ with bladder and or urethral rupture, occurs.
posthitis is what?
Inflammation and or infection of the prepuce (posthitis) mostly occur as a nonspecific event.
Balanitis is what? what about balanoposthitis?
inflammation of the head of the penis. Inflammation of the head of the penis and prepuce is called balanoposthitis but in all species except the dog, should more accurately be called phalloposthitis.
flora of the prepuce that cause cause problems
herpesviruses, mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas of most species. Specific agents include Tritrichomonas foetus, Campylobacter fetus, Corynebacterium renale and Ureaplasma diversum in bulls, and Eubacterium suis (basonym of Actinobaculum suis)in pigs
