Foster long notes 2

Question 1

Testicular neoplasms are most commonly found in what species?

Answer 1

dog

Question 2

common tumor of aged vs young horse

Answer 2

old - seminoma
young - teratoma

Question 3

Three main testicular neoplasms of dogs are

Answer 3

-testicular sustentacular (Sertoli) cell tumor
-interstitial cell tumor
-seminoma.

Question 4

are most primary neoplasms in dogs benign or malignant?

Answer 4

benign

Question 5

physical character of seminomas

Answer 5

seminomas are white, soft and usually bulge on cut section

Question 6

physical character of Testicular sustentacular (Sertoli) cell tumors

Answer 6

tend to contain a lot of fibrous tissue so they are white in color and are firm

Question 7

interstitial cell tumor physical character

Answer 7

tan or yellow in color, often contains areas of hemorrhage, and is soft.

Question 8

what type of tumor may produce a hyperestrogenism like syndrome and feminization? how is this usually characterized?

Answer 8

Testicular sustentacular (Sertoli) cell tumors

• rarely, interstitial cell tumours

attractiveness to other male dogs, gynecomastia, and alopecia. Some develop bone marrow aplasia.

Question 9

are signs of feminization in male dogs due to a sertoli cell tumor always due to raised estrogen?

Answer 9

-no, may have normal estrogen level
inhibin secretion by sertoli cells can inhibit FSH and LH, resulting in inhibition of testosterone production

-imbalance between testosterone and oestrogen is responsible for the relative increase in oestrogen and feminisation

Question 10

testicular torsion is often a sequelae of what?

Answer 10

cryptorchid

Question 11

what animals experience testicular torsion?

Answer 11

With the exception of stallions, torsion of the testis is very rare unless there is incomplete descent.

A testicular neoplasm is often also present to provide sufficient weight to maintain the torsion.

Question 12

is orchitis common in domesticated animals?

Answer 12

no, sporadic
-The vast majority of cases diagnosed clinically as orchitis are really epididymitis

Question 13

two important diseases that affect the epididymus

Answer 13

-segmental aplasia
-spermatic granuloma of the epididymal head

Question 14

what part of the epididymus is usually missing in segmental aplasia?

Answer 14

usually tail

Question 15

what is spermatic granuloma of the epididymal head?

Answer 15

not all efferent ductules attach to the epididymal tube – some are blind ending. In the blind ending ones, spermiostasis develops and subsequently becomes a spermatic granuloma. This disease is recognised as the granulomas only occur in the region of the epididymal head.

Question 16

what agents cause most infections of the epididymus

Answer 16

bacterial
-brucella spp.
-usually systemic

Question 17

can an animal affected by spermatic granulomas of the epididymal head recover reproductive function?

Answer 17

usually no

Question 18

main diseases for our purposes that affect the spermatic cord?

Answer 18

varicocele and inguinal hernia

Question 19

large inguinal hernia will feel like what upon scrotal palpation?

Answer 19

a large inguinsl hernia will be palpated as a sack like structure that may contain intestines.

Question 20

in stallions with colic what should we make sure to palpate and why?

Answer 20

scrotum, look for inguinal hermia

Question 21

what is varicolcele and what animals are generally affected?

Answer 21

particularly affects old rams. It can be a cause of subfertility because of a lack of thermoregulation.

Question 22

The accessory genital glands (AGG) include the

Answer 22

ampullae, vesicular glands (seminal vesicles), prostate, and bulbourethral glands

Question 23

what diseases of accessory glands are most common and important?

Answer 23

Disease of the prostate of the dog, and vesicular glands (seminal vesicles) of bulls, is common and important.

Question 24

what is the only genital gland on the dog?

Answer 24

prostate

Question 25

The major diseases that affect the prostate in dogs:

Answer 25

prostatic hyperplasia
prostatic cysts
paraprostatic cysts
bacterial prostatitis
prostatic neoplasia

Question 26

symptoms of excessive prostate enlargement in the dog?

Answer 26

may be either completely incidental or found on rectal palpation, or may cause lethargy, straining to defecate and anorexia

Question 27

Bacterial prostatitis, in its acute form, causes

Answer 27

hematuria, lethargy, and signs of systemic illness

Infertility will occasionally be the only indication

Question 28

prostatic neoplasia signs

Answer 28

Prostatic neoplasia tends to be insidious and it is only in advanced disease that the signs of tenesmus, stranguria, dysuria, or the cachexia of malignancy are seen

When there is evidence of tenesmus, urethral discharge including hemorrhage, and hematuria, one can focus specifically on the prostate as the origin.

Question 29

Diagnosis of prostatic disease; how can we differentiate?

Answer 29

rectal palpation

Hyperplasia tends to produce a prostate that is uniform and smooth surfaced

Acute prostatitis will usually result in pain on palpation and a “doughy” feeling to the prostate with sponginess and a lack of definition due to periprostatic edema.

In prostatic neoplasia palpable changes will vary from no significant findings, to a total inability to palpate the prostate because of extensive periprostatic fibrosis and prostatic infiltrate.

Ancillary diagnostic aids that greatly assist in the diagnosis include ultrasonographical imaging, cytological examination of urine, prostatic washes, semen evaluation, penile discharge, urethral brush biopsy and fine needle aspiration.