The male dog pt 1

Question 1

genital physical exam

Answer 1

◦ General
◦ Scrotum (visual + palpation)
◦ Testes + epididymides + spermatic cord (palpation)
◦ Penis (visual + palpation) – within and outside the prepuce
◦ Prostate (palpation)

Question 2

what is responsible for the tie?

Answer 2

bulbus glandis

Question 3

semen collection technique

Answer 3

Manual collection using a collection cone

Question 4

semen fractions

Answer 4

Fractions:
◦ 1st: prostatic > flushing out the urethra > urine and debris
◦ 2nd: sperm rich + fluid from epididymis
◦ 3rd: prostatic – lots of volume

Question 5

Semen Evaluation variables (6)

Answer 5

◦ Color, consistency
◦ Motility
◦ Concentration
◦ Volume
◦ Number of sperm
◦ Morphology

Question 6

Motility scoring

Answer 6

Divided into total motility and progressive motility

Total = % of sperm cells that are moving

Progressive = of those that are moving, what % of them are moving in a straight line

Velocity (slow, moderate, fast)

Question 7

concentration scoring

Answer 7

of sperm/mL of semen

Calculate the total number of sperm in ejaculate by using:
◦ Concentration
◦ Volume

Question 8

morphology scoring technique

Answer 8

Technique:
◦ Eosin-Nigrosin stain, Hancock Stain
◦ Oil immersion – 100x magnification
◦ Need to count a minimum of 100 cells

Counting the % of normal cells and % of abnormal cells

Question 9

morphology defects

Answer 9

◦ Acrosomal defects, head, mid-piece, tail, proximal droplets, distal droplets & loose/detached heads

Question 10

cytology scoring

Answer 10

Counting non-sperm cells
◦ Inflammatory cells
◦ Use Diff-Quik stain
◦ Cytology scores (# of cells/ high power field – HPF)
◦ 0 = <1
◦ 1+ = 1-3 cells/hpf
◦ 2+ = 4-6 cells/hpf
◦ 3+ = 7-10 cells/hpf
◦ +/- Follow up with culture

Question 11

how long for sperm production & epididymal transport

Answer 11

Takes 60-70 days for sperm production & epididymal transport

Question 12

where is semen stored? how can we determine if there is a transport blockage?

Answer 12

Semen is stored in the epididymis
◦ Epididymis can only hold so much as sperm is constantly being produced
◦ Epididymis produces alkaline phosphatase (ALP) – can be used to determine if there is a blockage in sperm transport

Question 13

what happens to semen that is not ejaculated?

Answer 13

◦ Phagocytosed in the epididymis
◦ Goes into the urine
> Can determine if sperm is being produced by a male by looking at the urine

Question 14

Paraphimosis; what is it, how common, cause, treatment

Answer 14

Inability to reduce the penis into the prepuce
Penis is flaccid
More common
Due to sexual arousal, trauma, stricture of orifice, neoplasia, iatrogenic
Conservative: hyperosmolar solution, lube & replace
May need surgical tx or amputation

Question 15

Phimosis; what is it, how common, cause, treatment

Answer 15

Inability to protrude the penis from the sheath.
Can be congenital
Stricture at preputial opening
Surgical enlargement of orifice

Question 16

Priapism; what is it, how common, cause, treatment

Answer 16

Persistent erection (>4hrs)
Look for cause
Can be idiopathic
Conservative tx similar to paraphimosis
Ravage, medications, amputation

Question 17

Urethral prolapse; what breeds, when it occurs, treatment

Answer 17

• More common in Bulldogs, small breeds
• Occurs during erection initially, but eventually stays prolapsed
• Surgery required
• Castrate

Question 18

Transmissible Venereal Tumor (TVT); where is it found, what kind of animals

Answer 18

Common in tropical, subtropical regions > rescue dogs in NA

Usually occurs in younger, sexually mature dogs, free roaming
◦ Can occur in castrated/spayed dogs

Question 19

Transmissible Venereal Tumor (TVT); clinical signs

Answer 19

◦ Serosanguineous purulent discharge (intermittent or continuous)
◦ Preputial swelling
◦ Phimosis
◦ Stranguria
◦ Licking
◦ Visibly seeing the tumor – cauliflower type appearance

Can also occur on nose, vulva, etc.

Question 20

TVT; growth, metastasis, risk

Answer 20

Grow quickly, locally invasive, low rate of metastasis

Question 21

TVT diagnosis

Answer 21

◦ Exfoliate easily
◦ FNA
◦ Swab for cytology
◦ Impression smear

Question 22

TVT treatment

Answer 22

◦ Vincristine (1x weekly for up to 6 weeks)
◦ Surgically remove with wide margins

Question 23

Balanoposthitis; how common

Answer 23

Fairly common
Mild balanoposthitis = considered normal
If copious > abnormal

Question 24

Balanoposthitis; associated with

Answer 24

◦ Overgrowth of normal preputial flora
> Allergic component?
◦ Prostatitis
◦ Penile tumors
◦ Foreign body

Question 25

Balanoposthitis; treatment

Answer 25

◦ Identify cause & treat
◦ Oral antibiotics, probiotics?
◦ Topical ointments
◦ Penile flushes (saline recommended)

Question 26

Balanoposthitis; what will we see

Answer 26

• Preputial discharge
• Inflamed/irritated penis
• Lymphoid follicles

Question 27

Balanoposthitis =

Answer 27

inflammation of the prepuce + penis head

Question 28

when is it considered Cryptorchidism? how common?

Answer 28

Considered cryptorchid if not descended by 6 months of age

Fairly common
Hereditary component

Question 29

can retained testis produce testosterone and sperm? result?

Answer 29

Retained testis can still produce testosterone but NOT sperm
◦ Intact male behaviors
◦ Infertile if bilateral; usually fertile if unilateral

Question 30

size of retained testes

Answer 30

much smaller than scrotal

Question 31

where do we find retained testis?

Answer 31

Can be inguinal, abdominal or somewhere in between

Question 32

Cryptorchidism diagnosis

Answer 32

◦ Palpation
◦ Abdominal ultrasound

Question 33

cryptorchidism associations and reccomended course of action

Answer 33

Important condition because associated with:
◦ Testicular neoplasia
◦ Testicular torsion
Must remove!!!!